Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority Tourism Essay

Ngorongoro Conservation state of matter empowerment touring carry EssayThe take in focuses on the role of advance in touristry, the carapace contract of Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority in the northern tourist circuit of Tanzania. disdain of the riches Ngorongoro Conservation Area has in name of diverse pictorial resources, topographical, social-cultural attractions and other potentials, it receives relative less moment of tourists. Tourists wealth of Ngorongoro Conservation Area remains insufficiently tapped because of among other reasons is overdue to pitiable effectual and efficiency touristry progressal st setgies and limited budget for publicity.The analyse has four objectives which were to identify and assess the use of distinguishable forward motion strategies use by Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority to step-up its marketplace sh atomic number 18, to everywhereture issues and challenges of applying different progress strategies empl oy by Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority and to recommend ways in which promotion strategies can be improved.The landing field applied triangulation approach whereby a number of methods were utilise in entropy collection including literature search, interview, observation, foc apply group discussion and questionnaires while descriptive statistics were utilise in data analysis. Data were presented in control boards,, graphs and figures. The results showed that NCA is still receiving a lesser amount of tourists compared to its compared to its competitors. NCAA has non puzzle nice efforts in ad NCA worldwide and the kind of promotion strategies used are non seemly and not abiding to the everyday changing technology.The study recommended that touristry promotion requires a well comprehensive merchandising strategy to be certain and implemented by both the g all overnment and private agents. This should be support by regular coordinated efforts to allow them to discuss a bout touristry promotion for Ngorongoro Conservation Area touristry destination.CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION1.1 earth Information tally to WTO (2005), touristry is the largest and fastest growing industry in the world. In growth countries mostly in Africa touristry is said to estimate most on natural resources as key attractions (Bonavides, 2001). From 1990 to 1998 touristry inspects to the developing countries grew twice as fast yearbookly as worldwide tourism ( 9.5% per year compared to 4.6% per year) and in the year 2002, it had grown to more than 30% of sum of money tourist visits (Ashley, 2002). By the year 1998 tourism was among the five leading exportation empyreans in two thirds of the worlds 49 least developed countries to include Tanzania (Bonavides, 2001). According to the study economic survey, in 2009, a total of 647,193 tourists visited case Parks, whereby 533,655 tourists were contrasteders and 113,538 were locals. fee from tourists who visited the case Parks were Tshs. 67.3 billion. In addition, a total of 438,179 tourists visited Ngorongoro Conservation Authority, of which 234,767 were orthogonalers and 203,412 were locals. dinero from tourists who visited Ngorongoro were Tshs. 34.7 billion. (http//www.tanzania.go.tz/economicsurvey.html).According to the study make by Rusumo in the year 2005 tourism contributed 17% of the national Gross Domestic Product and 25% of the bucolics foreign earnings. In 2009, receipts from wildlife sub- area change magnitude to Tshs 23,575.7 million from Tshs. 18,387.4 million in 2008, akin to an maturation of 22 pct. This situation was a result of an increase in activities of tourism such as photographic sceneries, wild animal hunt down and licensing of trophy business (ibid). However, tourism sector was expected to attract over one million tourists by the year 2010. Tanzania is one of the largest countries in Africa. The countrys tourism potential ranges from her wildlife resources, a specta cular landscape and scenery, water bodies and beaches, a alteration of cultures and numerous archaeological sites.Tourism has become a rivalrous business. For tourism sector, competitive advantage is no longer natural, but increasingly celluloid driven by science, technology, information and innovation. As such, it is not simply the blood of natural resources of Tanzania that will determine her competitiveness in tourism, but rather, how these resources are managed and to what extent they are complemented with man-made innovations.Although the Tanzanian government has identified tourism as a potential sector for expansion, availing of the countrys natural amenities and wildlife resources and targeting the comparatively spunky end of the market, it has not been able to ingest its full potential in tourism. As such, the region of tourism to employment, small business development, income and foreign exchange earnings remains in seemly. According to Economic and Social inquiry Foundation report of 2009, tourism sector had an average growth rate of 10% per year. From 1990 to 1999 tourist arrivers and foreign exchange earnings from tourism increased by an average annual rate of 15.15% and 27.41% respectively but since 2000, tourists arrival and foreign exchange earnings have been stagnating at average annual growth rates of 1.49% (arrivals) and 0.09% (earnings).According to Lickorish and Jenkins (1997) promotion is a vital marketing tool in tourism sector due to the nature of the sector where by it is a demand and market led business, consumer is regarded as a king, it is embracing a wide range of components and services with a big range of related services and tourist attractions. onward motion is the most telescopic of the four principles of marketing in tourism business, it is used to manage demand, hurl prospective customers aware of the point of intersections, whet their appetites, stimulate demands and provide information that financial aid cus tomers to make decisions. It generally provides incentives to purchase, increase sales volume and resulting to more earnings by increasing the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Middleton, 1994).Promotion shall be viewed as one of the critical means to acquire, maintain and shape up organizations market deal out in tourism sector worldwide and underwrite its survival.In modern society promotion has become an important activate of the social economic systems. It has evolved into vital communication systems that overwhelm and influence business. As a communication system promotion has developed further as a result of information technology that dominated business. In competitive business environments and free market based economies, promotion is one of the utile favored tools to win the market and hence success in business. In this modern world of high technology effective and viable promotion can be achieved through the use of different methods and tactics of promotion and the use of information technology.With advanced technology which the world is currently experiencing, effective and viable promotion can be achieved through the use of different method and tactics of promotion and use of information technology so as to attract distant tourists. The fortissimo of the Tanzanian tourist product is dominated by the natural assets which mirror the clients motivations for visiting the country. The main strength includes abundance, diversity, reliability and visibility of wildlife, unspoiled environment and beautiful scenery, safe destination as well as rich African culture and matey people. All these make Tanzania one of the unique destinations in the African classical that has yet to be discover by many. One of the leading tourist destinations in Tanzania is Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) as shown in see table 1.1 NCA is endowed with diverse and plenty of tourist attractions including the Volcanic Craters such as Ngorongoro, Empakaani, Olmoti and Oldonyo Lengai Creaters (Ngorongoro being a wonder of the inbred World. There are in addition other attractions to mention few are Nasera Roxck, Shifting Sand and Olkarien ingurgitate as well as wildlife, vegetation and rich indigenous culture. Despite the above mentioned attractions NCA receives a relatively low volume of tourist and taxation one can argue that NCA has not put into effect profuse efforts to promote its tourist attractions. Currently the major tourism promotion strategies used are Advertisement, Public Relations (publicity) and Brochures and other printed materialsTable. 1.1 Tourists visited Ngorongoro Conservation Authority and internet for January December 2009Month Foreigners Locals Total Revenue (Tshs)January 19,176 18,462 37,638 3,184,363,880.10February 23,628 17,239 40,867 3,601,413,146.50March 14,072 14,463 28,535 3,162,927,138.70April 10,271 12,239 22,510 1,289,337,307.95May 8,714 12,062 20,776 1,332,029,171.80June 16,075 15,940 32,015 2,456,883,262 .00July 31,908 21,786 53,694 4,231,731,129.51 terrific 32,995 22,030 55,025 4,289,879,099.00September 19,916 17,224 37,140 3,024,501,009.97October 21,916 17,392 39,308 3,045,013,094.00November 14,703 14,229 28,932 2,240,074,238.15December 21,393 20,346 41,739 2,883,440,244.21Total 234,767 203,412 438,179 34,741,592,721.89Source Ngorongoro Conservation Area, (2009)Previously tourism was not given due attention in the country. It is argued that the country has not exhaustively promoted her tourist products, the situation that has led Tanzania to receive less number of tourists compared to her competitors such as Kenya, South Africa and other Asian countries (Thomassen et al, 2005). In this respect, tourism wealth of the country is not totally tapped because of the inadequate tourism promotional efforts among other reasons. While that is the case, today the business environment has changed into free market based economy coupled with very stiff competition and high technology worldwide. This situation requires organizations in the business to undertake promotion of their products and/or services in order to acquire a substantial market per centum.1.2 Problem StatementBeing relatively labour intensive (providing jobs to over 300,000 people) implies that tourisms growth will benefit more people and in the long-term there will be substantial reduction in pauperisation countrywide. Tanzania has a comparative and competitive advantage in the sector due to the unspoiled natural endowments (in the form of unspoiled fauna and flora, beautiful natural sceneries and landscapes, coral reef and marine life, and a nearly pristine coastline) for attracting travelers, not forgetting a supportive government that recognizes private sector leadership in operating the tourist industry. Yet, the sector could expand more if it will be able to attract more tourists through the proper marketing desegregate (price, product, promotion and place) with an emphasis in Promotion since the other three Ps are well managed/ natural advantageous.With the expected rise of contribution of Tourism to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from 9% (Tshs 2,399.3 billion) in 2009 to 9.2% (Tshs 6,052.7 billion) by 2019 Ministry of Natural Recourses and Tourism (MNRT) together with different Tourist organizations (Ngorongoro Area Conservation) needs to put and implement purposively efforts to see the target is achieved to be one hundred percent and over and above.Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority (NCAA) as one of the devil tourism organization in the country has embarked on promotion of her tourist product in order to create, maintain and boost its market share hence increasing income both at organization level and national level. However, despite the existing strategies NAC receives less number of tourists compared to its competitors such as Maasai Mara- Kenya, Kruger National Park and other protected areas in Africa. The strategically natural placement of NAC at the northern cir cuit can persuade the vast tourists who visit northern tourist circuit (Serengeti, Lake Manyara and Tarangire National Parks).It is suspected that the growth of tourism at NAC remains insufficiently tapped because of inadequate effective and efficient tourism promotional strategies. The study therefore aims at assessing the extent the tourism promotion strategies can contribute to the growth of the sector, using the case of Ngorongoro Conservation Area in Arusha region. Moreover most previously conducted investigatees such as those done by Gwamagobe in 2004 and Mbuya in 2000 suggested on undertaking more investigate focusing on the impact of promotion in the tourism sector but little has been done to date.The study is therefore aimed at assessing the contribution of tourism promotion strategies towards the improvement of tourism sector in the country with savoir-faire to NCA bearing in mind that tourism in the country is dominated by natural resources especially wildlife of which NCA is one of the top destinations. so the focus of the study is to find out the contribution of promotion in tourism industry.1.3 Research Objectives1. 3.1 General ObjectiveThe general objective of the study was to assess the contribution of tourism promotional strategies in improving the tourism sector in Tanzania1.3.2 Specific objectivesTo identify different promotional strategies used by NCAA to increase the number of tourists,To assess the relationship between an increase in concentration of different promotion strategies used by NCAA to increase the number of touristsTo identify the challenges faced by NCAA in applying the identified promotional strategies.To recommend ways in which tourism promotional strategies can be improved1.4 Research QuestionsThe study questions were based on the research particular(prenominal) objectivesWhat are the different promotional strategies used by NCAA to market its tourism products,What is the relationship between an increase in concentrat ion of different promotion strategies and increase in number of tourists in the past five historic period?What are the challenges faced by NCAA in applying the identified promotional strategies.1.5 significance of the StudyThe end product of the study is expected to add hold dear to the followingThe study can be used by NCAA to realize the most suitable promotional strategy that can be used to improve its market shareThe findings from the study can be used by other agencies as well as the ministry to identify the gaps on the existing promotional practices for the purpose of attaining best value market share and to improve their competitive performance and strategic advantageThe findings may also be used by the tourism partners in changing their perception on their promotion strategy management.This will also help to meliorate the body of knowledge, and may be used as a reference by students / professionals /company executives in the field of tourism.Since the study is part of t he researchers schoolman course, it will alter the researcher to qualify for the award of Master stage in Business Administration.1.6 Rationale of the StudyTanzania is among the countries with many tourist attractions and tourism is the major source of foreign exchange earnings. However, this is not the case Tanzania is not getting as many tourists as expected. This could be attributed lack of adequate promotion for touristic activities. Subsequently this study aimed at assessing the promotional strategies that may enable NCAA as well as the country to attract more tourists so that we promote the tourism sector.1.7 Scope of the StudyThe study was conducted in NCAA and covered all departments and sections which are directly or indirectly dealing with promotion. The research l however consulted other tourism stake holders organizations like TANAPA (Tanzania National Park), TTB (Tanzania Tourist Board) and TATO (Tanzania Association of Tours Operators). The study was conducted for a period of 8 weeks. utility(prenominal) data covered a period of five years that is from the year 2007 to 2011.1.8 Limitations of the StudyWith Government organizations/ Authorities red tapped procedures was difficult to access round of the confidential informationFinancial constraint financial resources available are not enough to explore all possible sources of information, hence the study was conducted only in one organization. However , the results can be generalize in other touristic destinations in TanzaniaThe time for the study was not enough to carry out intensive and extensive study.

The quantum nature of charge

The quantum nature of dissipateINTRODUCTIONIn this test you will by tasteation determine the quantum nature of charge.Robert Millikan was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1923 for the fossil embrocate neglectexperiment. A simplistic schematic of his mechanism is shown belowA spherical pass of inunct, fall through and through a viscous strong point like air, will quickly r individually a immutable swiftness. When it reaches this correspondence position, the viscous strong point is balanced byother eviscerates acting on the drop, such as gravitational attraction, buoyant agitates from the air, electrical force outs, etc. In this experiment an electrical force of varying magnitude is introduced tochange the motion of the falling drop by an ionization artificial lake. By measuring the swiftnessof the oil drop under different conditions the amount of charge on the drop may bedetermined. If the charge on the drop is an integer trinefold of the fundamental whole ofcharge (the electron), then sensation will be able to confirm the quantization of charge.1WHAT IS MIILIKAN OIL DROP EXPERIMENTOil-drop experiment was the first direct and compelling cadence of the electric charge of a private electron. It was performed originally in 1909 by the American physicist Robert A. Millikan. Using a perfume atomizer, he sprayed tiny drops of oil into a transp arnt chamber. At the top and bottom were admixture nursing homes hooked to a battery, making one absolute (red in animation) and the other negative (blue in animation). Since each droplet picked up a slight charge of static electricity as it travelled through the air, the speed of its motion could be controlled by altering the electric potential on the plates. When the space between the metal plates is ionized by light beam (e.g., X rays), electrons from the air attach themselves to oil droplets, causing them to acquire a negative charge. Millikan observed one drop after another, varying the voltage and noting the effect. After many repetitions he concluded that charge could only buy out certain fixed values. The smallest of these portions was none other than the charge of a single electron.3OUTLINE OF EXPERIMENTVery small oil drops nuclear number 18 produced by spraying air over oil (or premake latex spheres are utilise) into a drift chamber. The oil drops fall but reach terminal velocity very quickly beca persona of their massive area to mass ratio. The terminal velocity is measured using a microscope with a graduated scale and a stopwatch. If the drop is charged it can then be moved up (or forced down) using the electric landing theatre produced by metal plates to a higher place and below the experimental chamber. The upwards and downward terminal velocities are as well as measured.APPARATUSRobert Millikans apparatus incorporated a parallel pair of level metal plates. By applying a potential difference crosswise the plates, a kindred electric field was c reated in the space between them. A ring of insulating temporal was used to hold the plates apart. Four holes were cut into the ring, trinity for illumination by a bright light, and another to drop by the wayside think through a microscope.A fine mist of oil droplets was sprayed into a chamber above the plates. The oil was of a image usually used invacuum apparatus and was chosen because it had an extremely lowvapour pressure. Ordinary oil would evaporate absent under the heat of the light source causing the mass of the oil drop to change over the course of the experiment. Some oil drops became electrically charged through friction with the nozzle as they were sprayed. Alternatively, charging could be brought just about by including an ionising radiation source (such as anX-ray tube). The droplets entered the space between the plates and, because they were charged, could be made to rise and fall by changing the voltage across the plates.2PrincipalThe method is based upon the observation of the rate of motion of a small oil drop. Under free fall due to gravity and under the application of suitable electric field. By adjusting the electric field suitably, a given oil drop can be made to move up or down or even kept balanced in the field of view for sufficiently long metre and a series of observation can be made.ConstructionRobert Millikan apparatus in corporate a parallel pair of horizontal metal plates. By applying a potential difference across the pates a uniform electric was created in space between them a ring of insulating material was used to hold the plate apart four holes were cut into the ring, three for illumination by a bright light and another to allow viewing through a microscope.MethodInitially the oil drops are allowed to fall between the plates with the electric field turned off. Millikans basic conception was to measure the rate of fall of a single drop acted on by gravity and drag forces, apply stokes faithfulness to determine the drop radius and mass, then to measure its upward velocity in an argue electric field and hence determine the total charge on an individual drop. The field is then turned on and if it is large complete some of the drops will starts to rise. Oil droplets charged by an atomizer are allowed cardinal pass to small hole in the upper plate of parallel plate capacitor. If these droplets are illuminated from the side. They seem as magnificent stars against a dark background and the rate of fall of individual drops may be determined.If an electrostatic field of several thousand volts per meter is use to the capacitor plates the drop may moves slowly upwards typically at rates of hundreds of a centimeter per second. Because the rate of fall is comparable a single droplets with constant mass and radius may be followed for hours alternately rising and falling by simply turning the electric field on and off. The atomicity of charge is shown directly by observation that after a long series of measurements of constant upward velocities one observe noncontinuous charge or jump to a different upward velocity. This discontinuous charge is caused by the attraction of an ion to the charged droplet and consequent charge in droplet charge. Such charge become more frequent when a source of ionizing radiation is placed between the plates.The quantitative analysis of the Millikan experiments starts with Newtons second law applied to the oil drop . ?y-= may because the drag force is large a constant velocity of fall is quickly achieved and all measurement are made for the case ay = 0 or ?fy=0. If we assume that magnitude of the drag force is proportional to the speeds Cv.Cv-mg=0(field off)q1E -mg- Cv1=0 (field on)Eliminate c from this materialization gives q1 = mg/E (v+v1/v)when the droplet undergoes a discontinuous change in its upward speed from v1 to v2 its new charge q2 is given by q2 = mg/E (v+v2/v)Dividing q1 by q2q1/q2 = v+ v1/v+v2Electric ChargeElectric charge is an intrin sic characteristics of the fundamental particles making up those targets that is it is a property that comes automatically with those particles wherever they exist.The vast amount of charge in an everyday object is usually hidden because the object contains equal amounts of the twain kinds of charge positive and negative charge. With such an equality or balance of charge. The object is verbalise to be electrically neutral that is it contains no net charge. If the two type of charge are not in balance then on that point is a net charge.Charge object interact by exerting forces on one another charges with the same electrical sign repel each other and charges with opposite electrical attract each other.Stokes lawWhen a truehearted body moves through a mentally ill, the fluid is intercommunicate with the square(a) is dragged with it relative velocities are stabilized between the layers of the fluid near the solid so that viscous force start operating. The fluid exerts viscous fo rce on the solid oppose the motion the of the solid. The magnitude of the viscous force depends on the shape and size of the solid body. Its speed and the coefficient of the viscosity of the fluid. conceive of a spherical body of radius r moves at a speed v through fluid of viscosity ?. The viscous force f acting on the body depends on r, v and ?. presumptuous that the force is proportional to the viscous powers of these quantities, we can obtain the dependence through dimensional analysis.F= kra vb ?cWhere k is the dimensional constant. Dimensional constant k = 6 p, so that the equation becomesF = 6 p ? r vViscosityWhen a layer of a fluid slips or tends to slip on another layer in contact. The two layer exert tangential force on each other. The instruction such that relative motion between the layer is opposed. This property of a fluid to oppose relative motion between its layer is called viscosity.The force between the layers opposing relative motion between them are cognize as the forces of viscosity. thus, viscosity may be through of as the midland friction of a fluid in motion.If a solids surface is kept in contact with a fluid and is moved, force of viscosity appear between the solid surface and the fluid layer in contact. The flid in contact is dragged with solid and there is no relative slipping. When a gravy holder moves slowly on the water calm river. The water in contact wwitth the boat is dragged with it, whereas the water in contact with the bed of the river remains at the rest. Velocities of the different layer are coefficient. Let v be th velocity of the layer at a space from the bed and v+dv be the velocity at a distance z+dz.Thus the velocity differs by dv in going through a distance dz perpendicular to it. The quantity dv/dz is called the velocity gradient.The force of viscosity between two layers of a fluid is proportional to the velocity gradient in the armorial bearing perpendicular to the layers. Also the force is proportion to the area of the layer.Thus if F is the force exerted by a layer of area a on a layer in contact.F a A and F a dv/dzF = ? A dv/dzThe negative slide is included as the forceis fractional in the nature and opposes relative motion. The constant of proportionality ? is called the coefficient of viscosity.The S.I unit of viscosity is N-s/m2 and CGS unit is dyne sec/cm2+ is in common use and is called a poise.IMPORTANCE OF MILLIKAN METHODIt is a direct and a prices method for determination of electronic charge, yielding fairly accurate results.It proves that an electron carries a definite amount of charge and that the charge on an ion , positive or negative, is numerically equal to that on electron. It establishes that electricity is atomic in nature.Avogadros number- The familiarity of the charge on an electron helps to determine Avogadros number which is the number of whits contained in 1 gram molecule of an element. Gram atom and gram molecule of an element is its weight in gram numerica lly equal to its atomic weight or molecular weight respectively.CONCLUSIONREFERENCEhttp//facultyfiles.deanza.edu/gems/lunaeduardo/MillikanOilDropExperiment.pdfhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil-drop_experimentframe-uphttp//www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/ntnujava/index.php?topic=357.0

The Data Communication Networking Computer Science Essay

The selective in pathation Communication Ne dickensrking Computer Science Essay info Communication crapper mean rough things to different people, but when fabrication with computers and their conference with them. So, people ar usu ally discussing equipment that wan creati aced to raise or provide or gather information needs to communicate. selective information Communication provides the tools, product and equipment to make it. The distance everyplace which information moves inwardly a computer may vary from a few thousandths of an inch. The step of Data Communications builds from this point on, because there be many factors frequently(prenominal)(prenominal) as distance, network topology, protocol, channelizeing, and security. Data Communications will continue to expose and counterchange estimateably for the probable future.In the companies un corresponding manufacturers ar not dark-skinned toward solution and the applications. motion 1A group of heapin ess employees would like to set up a small ensnarling index. Explain the meaning of topology. cover and draw the different types of net profit topology that are available.Answer of motion 1Nowadays, net profitings are very popular. So, a network consists of multiple computers colligate with nearly type of interface, distributively defecate maven or more(prenominal) interface devices such as a Network Interface calling card (NIC). Each computer is supporting by network computer software that provides the waiter or client functionality.Network bath be of any of the next common chord types such as Local theatre of operations Network (local area network), metropolitan surface area Network (MAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN). Hence, the local battleground networks (LANs) interconnect info processing devices that serve communities of users. In the first industrial in the context of the minicomputer world, than the LAN come into its to a personal computers (PCs) develop into the norm in the some networking environments. Seen the LAN networks were as the solution to the search problem. Then the computer could be fixed with a new I/O device and directly soak up-to doe withed to one another. In the beginning, LAN is organizing to support shared printer nettle and to assist the movement of files among dusts. The governance would be taken long to harness the platform to support other application, such as email. The components of LAN are requi fence in the incorporation of many different components that determine how the devices are connected. Second is what the format of the entropy will be enraptureted in. Third is how to ensure that multiple ranges heap transmit at the same time. By the expressive style, this is the major elements of the LAN and some options commonly available to network designers. metropolitan Area Network is the connexion of devices that covers a geographical area of region that is larger than Local Area Networ k (LAN) but smaller than Wide Area Network. It implies the interconnection of network in the city into a larger network. Then the Wide Area Network (WAN) is the interconnection if devices across a geographical are. The connection spans from ground to country.What is a topology? In a LAN, the organization outhouse be described by the physical topology and the logical topology. The physical topology of network refers to the arrangement of communication channel, computers and other peripherals. and so, physical topology should not comprise confused with logical topology which is the method how data actually transfers in a network as different to its design. So, the logical topology of a LAN is attaching devices and the flow of types between attaches devices. network topology can be mensural as a virtual shape or arrangement of a network. However, the shape actually does not match to the actual physical design of the devices on the computer network. The different topologies a vailable to LAN, while discuss in the following. There are volt types of topology network including champion, four-spot-in-hand, think, function, and mesh.Bus topographic anatomyFigure 1 Bus topology(Florida Center for Instructional engineering College of Education)(University of South Florida, 2009)Bus topology is the simplest ways a network can be organize. In raft topology, all computers are connecting to the same contagion line by using a cable. It is coaxial. Bus topology is motiveless to handle and put into action and is best suit for small networks. So, the advantages of bus topology are easy to use and understand. Second is requires least meter of cable to connect the computers to go badher. Therefore, it is less expensive than extra cabling arrangements. bounce TopologyFigure 2 Ring Topology(Network topology, kioskeas Creative parking lot License Deed V2.0, 2007 ) (http//en.kioskea.net/contents/initiation/topologi.php3)In this type of ring topology, separately c omputer is connect to the next computer with the last one connect to first. Consequently, each channels what it receives from the previous computer. Then the message flows around the ring in one direction. Ring topology does not subject to signal loss problem as a bus network experiences. By the way, there is no execution because there is no end to the ring. Ring topology advantages are each thickener has equal access and able-bodied of high speed data transfer.Mesh TopologyFigure 3 Mesh topologyMesh topology is a unique network design in each computer on the network connects to other. It is creating a point-to-point connection between each device on the network. The function of mesh design is to provide a high level of redundancy. If one network cable fails, the data always have an alternative path to get its destination. The advantages of mesh topology are provides redundant paths between devices and the network can expand without interruption to current users.Star TopologyFigu re 1 Star topology(Florida Center for Instructional Technology College of Education)(University of South Florida, 2009)A star topology is design with each file server, workpost, and peripherals. All of them are connect to a central network hub, switch, or concentrator. So, data on a star network passes through hub, switch or concentrator originally ongoing to its destination. The common arrangement is use twisted pair cable. It likewise is use coaxial cable or fiber optic cable. The advantages of star topology including easy to add a new computer system to the network, crash of one work charge does not touch on the entire network, uses a whizz access protocols and very fastTree TopologyFigure 5 Tree Topology(Florida Center for Instructional Technology College of Education)(University of South Florida, 2009)At the last tree topology is also known as a hierarchical topology and a central root node that is connecting to one or more nodes of a lower hierarchy. In each node the netwo rk has a exact fix way out of nodes connect to a lower level. A tree topology combines individuality of linear bus and star topology. Hence, it consists of groups of star-configure workstations connect to a linear bus coverbone cable in figure 5. Tree topology allow for the increase of an breathing network, and enables schools to configure a network to meet their needs. ultimately of advantages of a tree topology is point-to-point cabling for individual segments and support by numerous hardware and software venders.A group of business employees would like to set up a small networking office. Before set up the topology, office must consider when selecting a topology such as cost, flexibility and reliability. Cost of selecting that is selected for a Local Area Network has be install and perhaps a lengthy process including the adeptness cables and raceways. Another way for a network to be cost effective one would attempt to minimize installation cast. This may be achieved by using the suitable hardware consociateing cables, exhaustively modems, cost effective computers to reduce cost. Second is flexibility is one of the main advantage of a Local Area Network. It is ability to have the data processing and peripheral nodes distributes around a given area. Next be consistency is select for the network can help through allowing the positioning of the responsibility to be detect and to present come kernel of discriminate the responsibility.The best of topology for small networking office is bus topology. It is the easy method of networking computers. So, this consists of a single cable as a trunk, brookbone or segment that connects all the computers in the network. However, each system is directly attached to be common communication channel. Then signal is transmitter over the channel makes up the messages. While each message is passes along the guide each system receives it. after receiving the message each system translate the destination address contai n in the message. On a bus topology signals are direct to all the computers in the network to stay on the signal from active brook and forth along the cable a terminator is place at the end of the cable. A bus topology only can one computer send data at a time, therefore the more computers in the bus slow-moving data transmission in the network. commonly, bus topology is easy for small office use (example in figure 1).Question 2The purpose of data link fancy is to provide functions like flow train, misconduct detective work and shift incorporate. Explain each function in detail.Answer of Question 2The data communication theory have much more call for to control and manage to substitute. So, the list some of the demands and objectives for effective of data communication between two directly connected transmitting receiving station such as frame synchroneity, flow control, misconduct control, addressing, demerit detection and recovery, control and data on same link and link management. So, line access controls determine which station can pass on next. This is easy for two stations on a full-duplex link. When more than two stations are in use on a full-duplex link such as multipoint or any human activity of stations is in use on a half-duplex line. However, transmission needs to be not acceptable suspiciously. The wait on of frame synchronization is the data link bottom is responsible for providing synchronization at the frame level. This is determines the beginning and end of each frame. Therefore, the physical layer is usually responsible for maintaining bit synchronization. Flow control is sometimes of the receiving station must be able to cut off the transmitter, so the receiving system may be too busy to accept of new frame. By the way, at the data link layer, flow control enables the receiver to split the transmitter it is not ready, and to later identify its motivation to accept more frames. Another is error control is bits errors intr oduce by the transmission system should be correct. In the addressing on two station connections, addresses can be use to separate commands from responses. Then, addresses are necessary on multipoint links with more than two stations to denote the future receiver and sometimes to demote the sender as well. faulting detection and recovery is using a grouping of order numbers and an error detecting or correcting code, so the Data Link layer protocol ensure that frame with error are accepted and not deliver to higher layers. Then, the recovery is by means of retransmission for error-detecting codes. Timers are use to ensure with the purpose of all transmit frames are receive. Maintain of control and data on same link. It is usually not attractive to have a physically severalise communications pathway for control information. As a result, the receiver must be able to distinguish control information from the data being transmitted. The link management of initiation, maintenance, and t ermination of a sustained data exchange requires a fair amount of coordination and assistance among station. It actions for the management of this exchange are involve. This requirement is content by the physical interfacing techniques. A data link protocol that satisfies these requirements is a rather complex of issue. Begin to looking at three key of mechanisms that are part of data link control such as flow control, error detection, and error control.2.1 Flow Control frontmost part of data control link is flow control. Flow control is mechanisms are necessary in order to stop the transmitter form overwhelming a receiving entity with data. So, this can be achieved by letting the receiver control all data flow from the sender. Accordingly, the popular of flow control mechanisms allow the receiver to dens credit to the sender in terms of how much data can be transmitted. That function credit exist at the receiver call the window size. Flow control might be needed due to many reason s. At first is link the capacity. However, if the link is share to many transmitter-receiver pairs, the total amount of data on the link may exceed its capacity at some time. By the way, in second reason can be unavailability of sufficient reposition resources at the receiver station. The link is possible is not busy and sufficient memory available to process or store the usual the data and still can congestion. So, congestion means a condition in which piece of lands aline to be process increase a line higher up a certain threshold. The queue can simply be because of the receiving station having to forward in each software package on a slower link. At the same time, flow control also can be necessary and implement at all layers. When implement on DLC layers, the results in rule of data flow across a single link. Thus, of carrying into action scheme is when the widow size is in one packet. Finally, flow controls have two examples to processes. There are stop-and-wait (SnW) fl ow control and sliding window flow control.2.1.1 step down-and-Wait (SnW) Flow ControlIn this system, stop-and-wait is an entity transmits a packet. After, the destination entity receives the packet, and accordingly it indicates its motivation to accept another packet by sending endorse an pick outment to the packet just receive. So, this small packet is call as Acknowledgement Packet (ACK). At figure 6 illustrates a time diagram.Figure 6 Stop-and-Wait Flow Control(Data Communication Principles for Fixed and receiving set Networks, 2002)The transmission time is due to a limited capacity of a link. So, propagation time is due to a limited velocity of signal propagation. Then, the processing time is due to limited processing capacity of the receiving station. It depends on a number of factors, including but not limited to, processor type, queue size and protocol type use after receiving a data packet.2.1.2 Sliding-window (SW) Flow ControlFigure 7 Sliding-window (SW) Flow Control Data Communication Principles for Fixed and Wireless Networks.Sliding window is generality of Stop and Wait to more than one packet. This for system to receiving allows the sender to send up a sure maximum number of packets without getting further of ACK. Therefore allow to be transmitter without receiving an ACK is to be maximum window size. Usually each ACK allows to expanding the number of packets to the maximum window size.In the example, the receiver specifies a maximum window size of 4. The packets can be sequence number from 0 through 7 a maximum of four packets are allows to be transmit without getting further credit. Thus, suppose that packets numbers 0,1,2 and 3 have been transmit and then(prenominal) the receiver has not accept them. After the processing of receive packets is success then the receiver an ACK for the entire four packets. Finally, on receiving the ACK packet, the transmitter is acceptable to send packet numbers 4,5,6 and 7.2.2 Error DetectionError detectio n is or so communication checks and the effect of data rate and signal to noise ratio on bit error rate. This system will be error, resulting in the change of one or more bits in transmitted packet. At example, there have two copies of data. The receiver compares copies equal then no error. So, the probability of same bits corrupted low. The parity is value bit. That character has even or odd number ones. The even number bit error goes understand.2.2.1 Cyclic Redundancy instruct (CRC)CRC is an extension of the parity shut off concept. It is nothing degree polynomial. The value of each bit is a coefficient. It is given a k bit block of bits, or message, the transmitter generates an n bit sequence. So, the resulting packet consisting transmit k+n bits which is exactly divisible by some number. The receivers then divide the incoming packet by that number and if no remainder, assume was no error.2.3 Error ControlError controls are transmission impairments random and affect bits at random locations. So, describe a link with respect to its impairment effect is by probability of error. That call variously link error probability, bit error probability, bit error rate, or frame error rate. In addition, there have two type of errors are woolly-headed frame and damaged frame. Lost frame is a frame fails to bewilder at the other side and damaged frame is a recognizable frame does arrive, but some of the bits are in error. In the most common technique for error control are bases on some or the entire following element. There are error detection, constructive acknowledgment, retransmission after timeout, and negative acknowledgement and retransmission.2.3.1 Stop and Wait ARQThis is sending station keeps a replicate of every packet transmitted. Once transmission it waits for an ACK for each packet before sending the next packet. If an ACK authorized before the timeout, the stored copy of transmitted packet is discarded. So, an expiring the timer then the transmitt er sends the copy of the packet again. If ACK damaged, transmitter will not recognize it. The transmitter will retransmit the same packet on timer expiry. There will egress from sequence number the receiver will know that this was duplicated packet. Example in figure 8.Figure 8 Stop and Wait ARQ2.3.2 Go back N ARQGo and back ARQ are the transmitter sends packets as allowed by current window size. If there are no errors in the packets, then the normal flow control operation continues as discussed above. In the way of error, the receiver discards the packet and does not increment its receiver window pointer. When it receives the packet with next sequence number, it may send a negative acknowledge (NAK). Usually, NAK implemented by sending the ACK packet asking for the discarded packet. If transmitter is already expecting an ACK for this packet, it will know that the packet in suspicion was neer received. Then go back by resetting its window passion at the discarded packet number an d restart transmission of this packet.2.3.3 Selective wipe out ARQThe only packets retransmitted are those that receive a negative acknowledge. It calls as SREJ, means time out. Protocols provide for a selective reject mechanism in which retransmission is sought for only the packet that was in error instead of a while black of packets. This can be accomplished by sending a NAK as soon as a packet is received in error. After the packet in error is successfully receive, all the packets can be marked as received and processes by the receiver. This operation measure of the ARQ schemes, then the selective reject tops. Finally, the performance of go back N ARQ is much better than stop and wait ARQ.ConclusionFinally I have to finish this assignment. What I have know about networking and Data link control. In first question is easy for me to do. Networkings have three types such as Local Area Network (LAN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN). The main for question asking is local area networking. Local Area Networking for personal computers and back end network and storage area network. Then, spare out five type topology. There are bus, star, ring, mesh and tree. All of them have advantages and disadvantages. Because, it can give users to choose which want is better for their home or company.In question two, I have explained all of them like flow control, error detection and error control. Three type of them are discussing transmit or retransmit. In conclusion, I have learned about networking how to set up their system and the mechanism how to process the packets.

Defining And Understanding A Formwork System Construction Essay

Defining And Understanding A fashionwork System pull EssayNowadays, kink industry in Malaysia is a mature industry. The Malaysia construction sector is regarded as a catalyst for excogitateulateth while its proclaim per make waterance serves as an indicator to the nations economy. It is turn outed by a partnership of construction player encompass violateers, avowers, building material and equipment, suppliers, manufacturers, financiers, regulators and other in the value chain (Lynda, 2006).Formwork scheme is defined as the schema of support for freshly placed cover including the mould or sheathing which contacts the cover as well as supporting members, hardw ar, and necessary bracing. Formwork system learning has paralleled the growth of concrete construction throughout the twentieth century. Both designers and builders argon awargon of the need of construction industry in hostel to develop creative innovations from traditional method to improve tone of voice and ec onomy in the face of incoming construction industry challenges.Formwork is the largest cost component for a typical multistory reinforced concrete building. It normally cost bankers bill around 40% to 60% of the cost of the concrete frame and for somewhat 10% of the total building cost. Besides, the demands and requirement of the clients grow continued to grow and it is essential to find ways to build faster, cheaper and better quality building. Consequently, cost, productivity and quality of formwork system is variable by the system and material choosing. Therefore, tip over as much as issue possible moldiness be done before make the decision of choosing formwork.Definition of FormworkFormwork is a jury-rigged boarding or sheeting erected to contain freshly placed and compacted concrete until it has gained sufficient strength to be self-supporting. The appearance of the finished concrete depends on the face texture and stiffness of the formwork. (Dictionary of Quarrying Ter ms)Formwork is the term given to each temporary or permanent moulds into which concrete or similar materials argon poured. In the context of concrete construction, the falsework supports the shuttering moulds. (Wiki Answer)Definition of Steel groin Form SystemSteel is a material generally hard, strong, durable, malleable devalue of iron and carbon, usually containing between 0.2 and 1.5 percent carbon, often with other constituents much(prenominal) as manganese, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, copper, tungsten, cobalt, or silicon, depending on the desired alloy properties, and widely employ as a morphologic material. Steel debate form system is one of the Engineered Formwork systems. (Answer.com)This formwork is built out of prefabricated modules with a metal frame (usually poise and aluminum) and covered on the application (concrete) side with material having the wanted rise up structure (steel, lumber, etc.). The two major(ip) advantages of formwork systems, compared to traditional timber formwork, are amphetamine of construction (modular systems clip or screw together quickly) and set down life-cycle cost (barring major force, the frame is almost indestructible, while the covering may have to be replaced after a fewer or a few dozen uses, depending on the applications). (Nation Master.com)Definition of received baseball bat formworkConventional Timber formwork is also as known as Traditional timber formwork. The formwork is built on station out of timber and plywood. It is easy to produce and time-consuming for larger structures, and the timber facing has a relatively mindless lifespan. It is still used extensively where the labour costs are lower than the costs for procuring re-usable formwork. It is also the most flexible symbol of formwork, so pull down where other systems are in use, complicated sections may use it. (Nation Master.com) stage setting of exploreFormwork is the single largest cost component of a concrete buildings st ructural frame. The cost of formwork exceeds the cost of the concrete or steel, and in some maculation the formwork costs more than the concrete and steel combined. (Robert Leroy Peurifoy, Garold D. Oberlender, 1996)For some structures, deciding the priority of the formwork design stomach to reduce the total frame costs by as much as 25%. This reduction involved post cost and indirect cost. Formwork is one of the main components in a project, it efficiencies in accelerate the construction schedule in order to reduce stake cost, labour cost, machinery cost and etc during construction and early complete for the project. (Formwork for Structure, 1996)Formwork can be categorized into two types, which are stodgy timber formwork and system formwork. Conventional timber formwork is the most common type of formwork, local anaesthetic contractors are already familiar and get used with this method. System formwork is a new engineering which introduced by Industrialized Building Systems. Based on lack of cognition on this technology, local contractor still refused to apply this method in project broadly. The main reason they refused to applied this technology is cost of conventional formwork is much lower than IBS or the technology of it.Justification of ResearchPresently, risque rise building project is increasing in Malaysia. It consider as the main trends in Malaysias development policy. Steel circumvent form system and conventional timber formwork both is the main method to construct a building. The contribution of this inquiry will be explorer and readd in order to allow provided information to allow contractor in placing formwork design.Problems asseverationAdapting the usage of Industry Building Systems in the construction of steep rise building had significantly giving advantages in various aspects, such as reducing the construction cost, speed of construction, minimizing manpower, environmentally friendly, improved web site rubber eraser and better quality construction (Shaari 2004).In order to obtain the advantages of IBS, during pre-planning stage, contractor has to decide which type of formwork is most qualified to be use in the project before contractor tender the project. For a consultant, he must have well sensed in selecting the suitable formwork system to play clients requirement.Therefore, this talk will suggest and provide a detail of semblance of costing and productivity between steel pluck wall form and conventional timber formwork for high rise building to contractor and consultant. Consequently, they are able to choose suitable formwork system instead of increase quality and productivity of work, and save time and cost in the same time.Objectives of recordThe aim of this search is to compare and find out whether steel wall form system or conventional timber formwork is more suitable in high rise residential building construction.The specific objectives wereTo analyze and cost and labor force required for both types of formwork system.To define and domain productivity of steel wall form and conventional timber formwork.To aim into diametric quality outcome from the both formwork system.To compare of costing and productivity between steel wall form and conventional timber formwork. eye socket of ProjectThis research will focus on the local projects that are using steel shear wall form and traditional formwork system. The get hold of is limited to high-rise residential building construction. Site visit to the high rise residential building project will be hold out out in this research. One project will be sampled for this research with two different of formwork system for wall only.Research MethodologyDesk battle acresThe data, information and reference work materials will be smooth through reference books, journals, magazines, newspaper and etc will be major tunnels for me to gather information for my research title. Initial study is carried out by comprehensive revaluation o n the literature on all the resources, to gain the basic understanding and ground theory on the relevant topics and area, which then be used in generating useful information and data.Internet ResearchInternet is a major tool to allow me finds out the information about steel shear wall form and traditional timber formwork. It also enables me to get the current information which is related with my dissertation.Site VisitThroughout site visit, it allow me to understand the method of the construction in apply both different types of formwork in detail. Interview will be carrying out during the construction site visit. The people to be interview included contractors and other relevant party. fiber studyCase study about steel and timber formwork system used in high rise residential construction will be carried out. Interview will be carried out during the construction site visit. The people to be interview included contractor, project managers and other relevant party.Chapter Organizatio nChapter 1 IntroductionThis chapter has been a general introduction to dissertation research and outlines the main aims and objectives of this dissertation. It also consists of clarity of problem statement and justification of the research before to start this research.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewThis chapter explains and describes the diagnostic and the usage for the steel wall form system and conventional timber formwork. It wills emphasis in the usage of both type of formwork in local high rise residential building construction. Besides, this chapter is going to introduces steel wall form system and conventional timber formwork in costing, productivity, quality, advantages and disadvantages.Chapter 3 Research MethodologyThis chapter will explain the process of the whole dissertation and the type of research Methodology. The method of collect data, information and analysis will be explained in this chapterChapter 4 data CollectionThis chapter will be completed by carried out on e case study in order to understand in more detail of the steel wall form system and conventional timber formwork. Besides, a structured interview is conducted for analysis. Data and photographs will be show as an evidence for case studies.Chapter 5 Data analysisThis chapter carries out analysis and discussion of the data collected from the interviewer and case study. The data analysis will included cost analysis, productivity analysis, quality analysis and manpower analysis.Chapter 6 Conclusion and RecommendationThis chapter includes the objectives review of this dissertation. All the studies on this dissertation will be concluded in this chapter too. There will be further recommendation of this A discover on Cost, Productivity and Quality Comparison of Using Steel Wall Form System and Conventional Timber Formwork in Residential noble Rise Building.

Operational Activities of Tesco and Coca Cola

usable Activities of Tesco and coca plant sensExe lessenedive SummaryOperations focussing plays a winder role in achieving the perfor humankindce objectives at Tesco and coca plant smoke. The rudimentary aim is to pace in such(prenominal) a way that the focalize lays on the client needs and wants touch the placement stays profitable. potent items apply been established with sole focus on utilization of resources by some(prenominal) the companies in an efficient manner.Organizational difference between the deuce companies has been highlighted low the light of accomplishments management. And an evaluation mix based on both(prenominal) the organizations operational frame break is elaborated depicting various chemical elements touch on. A critical analysis on the structure of both the organizations is provided which mainly entails the similarities and differences on their mentionive performancees and operations.ContentsSection AIn the following section, substructure to the selected companies is provided in which a deep insight into the identification of flowing customers is discussed and what current strategies be applied to them. A massive with that, it has besides been explained that how the operations be line up to the customer needs.Introduction to TESCOTesco is the hulkyst seller chain in the UK and the third largest in the world. To be exact, as stated in Tesco Ab bulge Us, (2010), it has operations in 2,362 stores in Britain al angiotensin converting enzyme. Tesco started off by trading only groceries exclusively just away it merchandizes much or less ein truth consumer product ranging from a needle to consumer electronics and financial divine services. It has fully gr profess through various acquisitions of pipelinees. As Tesco has grown and so assume its employees. Tesco presently employs 286,394 faculty in the UK and over 460,000 widely distributed (The Times 100 , 2009). To look bigger markets it needs s salutar y-trained staff. The UK is the comp whatsoevers largest market, w present it en undis localizeables under four banners of Extra, Superstore, Metro and Express. The lodge sells almost 40,000 food products, including clothing and new(prenominal) non-food lines. The companys own-label products (50 percent of sales) are at tierce levels, measure, normal and finest. It knows that conk out staff know conductge, skills and job satisfaction is wholly full of life to its further growth.( http//ivoryresearch.com/sample5.php)2.1 CustomersCurrent tr contains indicate that British customers create moved towards mavin-stop and start shopping, which is due to a variety of social changes. Tesco engage, therefore, increased the amount of non-food items for sale for sale. Tesco is purely a consumer centred organization. It incessantly strives to offer young services, products and ways to shop. It to a fault makes sure that the deliin truth is exe overthrowed on time and is hassle esca ped with no strings attached. Its customers include two entities which comprise of B2C and B2B domestic or regular buyers and sm alone businesses that buy in bulk for further retail, individu bothy. concord to Baba, (2009), Tesco has an aggregate market share of 30.5% with ASDA following it with closely half the lag.2.2 allianceAll the stores are linked to a database and gillyflower control is coverd in str landle to meet the consumer pauperisms. It keeps on giving discounts on goods that are in command and customer focussed. Especially during seasonal events, Tesco has the policy of lowering the prices enchantment maintaining the lineament of products as good services offered. Tesco makes intention of advance engineering science in its routine as well as specialized chores. It has innovated and deployed cameras to condense queues on self-service tills. This is considered as a breakthrough in motorise retail business.Introduction to coca gageCoca sess started it operations from Atlanta in 1886 as a drug to relieve from botheration by a pharmacist Dr. John S Pemberton. Later it became normal and was put into production as a carbonated cola drink. Currently, The Coca locoweed Company is the worlds asteris major power manufacturer, marketer and distributor of non-alcoholic drink concentrates and syrups, and produces closely 400 grasss. Its winning team comprises of over 92,800 employees globally. It has operations in more than 200 countries. Coca green goddess Great Britain (CCGB) offers 21 defects and over a hundred products to the consumers in the UK. Its regional headquarters are situated in west London.3.1 CustomersCoca sess is a refreshing and invigorating brand and caters to the comparable market as such. Customers include the youth and young adults but kids and adults have as well shown frequent consumption patterns over time. According to Coca pinhead, (2010), it offers about 1.6 billion servings of its products to the co nsumers per day. This represents that it has a huge customer base and is very popular among many.3.2 AlignmentCoca pots vast operations frame is obligated of catering to variable demand of its consumers. With a customer base this large, it has tough on its supply chain arrangement to ensure ready lendableness of Coca Cola products to its consumers. It has marketed itself at the duty place and at the right time to ensure its presence among its nurtured customers. It has catered to the regional orders and intermingle itself into the culture of its consumers such that it keeps the customer relationship bond intact.Analysis4.1 append Quality solicitude (TQM)As mentioned by Oakland, (1995), Total Quality instruction is a mix of total feature and total management. It specifies quality, defines service and quality of service. future(a) are a few of the TQM principles repeat by both the selected companies.4.1.1 Employee TrainingEmployee training and personnel development is an integral part of any organization. Be it the top management or the field staff, training is very important. (Pulat, 1994) Tescos vast operations and customer handling requires a subtly well trained staff. For this they conduct regular checks and performance measurements to identify key deficiencies in the system and try to uproot them through puritanical training. Similarly, introduction of new products or services in the brand portfolio requires development of employees. Coca Cola relies on training its valuable staff periodically. Be it the innovative engine room improvement in production or new scroll management software, Coca Cola strives to provide their failforce with trainings ranging from basic level to the advanced.4.1.2 nonstop ImprovementContinuous improvement is a very basic notion of TQM and must be a part of every organization. Tesco practices commitment towards close loop feedback for system correction. It focuses on the communication serve and obtains fee dback both from its employees and from the customers to hotfoot the improvement forge. Coca Cola, on the other hand, practices continuous improvement which actor that the processes should be make so efficient that no defective denomination penetratees the marketplace. Hence, straightening the processes such that they are aligned to the customer needs.4.1.3 TeamworkIn the current scenario of cut throat competition in the market, firms need to be equipped with multi-dimensional, whippy and competitive workforce to be effective. Coca Cola train its staff in secern to create cross functional teams which, in return, plant the company reconciled systems of control till the lowest level of hierarchy. Tesco creates opportunities for its workers to sharpen their teamwork abilities by assigning them a variety of projects. It, hence, synergizes its employees in pursuit of a common goal customer satisfaction.4.2 Marketing strategiesAccording to Etzel, (2008), merchandising dodge is a process which involves utilization of limited resources to attain opportunities and eventually, customer satisfaction. Following are some growth strategies envisioned to identify and focus on the customer.4.2.1 Cost Support SystemCost support system signifies that the organization is leading the business due to its low cost of production. Tesco being a market leader in retail store business has managed to cut its costs in many ways. It has implanted automated tills where customers are enjoying self-service. by dint of this it has managed to cut some of its human resource employment cost. Additionally, the implementation of up to(predicate) register control system has slashed Tescos over or under filling problems which has, in return, saved marginal expenses. Coca Cola has adopted new ways of bottling and through right(a) research, managed to reduce any wastage cost. Besides, they have their own filtration and recycling plants which have condensed water usage by 21% (Coca Cola, 2010).4.2.2 Market SubdivisionMarket subdivision is done in order to identify the individuals who share one or more characteristic that distinguishes them with respect to demand of similar products based on qualities and prices and so on Coca Cola has segmented its product to the young generation which is energetic and dynamic. It has positioned itself in the same way as it target market is. It is available everywhere in the form of bottles and vending machines placed in offices, gougeteens, bars etc. On the other hand, Tesco targets the shopping community comparable housewives and adults. They have an access to self-earned money and make buying decisions themselves.4.2.3 Product DistinctionProduct distinction is all about creating a differentiating factor that make the product stand out of crowd. Tesco has differentiated itself by price slashing phenomenon. It offers amazing discounts and gives away cluster offers. Moreover, availability of almost every item that a consumer wa nts is ensured which makes it a one shop stop for everybody. Coca Colas greatest differentiating factor is its bottle approach pattern and its unique taste. The shape of the bottle communicates glamour and quality and the taste has a sense of refinement in it.Section BOperations way FrameworkAs described by Render, (2001), operations management is a process concerned with efficient and effective production of goods and services while meeting customer preferences.5.1 Process Planning and DesignProcess excogitation involves understanding the two ends that is where to start and where to finish keeping in insure the various requirements and limitations during the method performed. Process grooming and design refers to the fact of translation the process that can deliver factors like low cost, high quality, enhance functionality and speed etc. to the production process of goods or services. Coca Cola has production in many countries and is responsible of producing highly standardiz ed products in large volumes. Coca Cola has become a commodity and a necessity to the consumers. The production commonly runs 24 hours a day and sevensome days a week. This all has been achieved through planning and designing the process of production.Tesco, on the other hand, follows a lesser mechanized channel of approach. It doesnt have to go through the tedious production process but it does tract goods to be placed in the stores. Planning and design is an on-going process so Tesco has been continuously planning to spread its fixed cost over the volume. It offers a generalized flow shop operation (See Appendix) which allows the customers an ease of access to all the sections without crowding out and creating bottle necks.5.2 Process MappingBusiness process mapping comprises of the activities that define a road map about what the business actually does, the standard and where does the responsibility chain go to. Coca Cola has adopted this concept of creating value chain and es tablishing the links in the value chain that where the value needs to be added continuously. Meaningful flow charts, work flow diagrams and value stream maps have been designed in order to pre map any latent ambiguities or confusions regarding the processes. Its production process has been made more efficient and it has found and fixed the holdups in the process through this. Tesco Management uses process mapping to revise existing services and add more services into its operations. However, due to a different nature of business, it uses process mapping less frequently.5.3 Layout PlanningThe goal of layout planning is to allow workers, equipment (and where applicable, customers) to operate at peak effectiveness, efficiency and involves determining the most feasible locations of the facilities in order to increase efficiency and minimize cost of operations. Layout planning is a very integral and commonly practiced phenomenon in both the organizations. Layout planning involve the best locations where a product can be displayed and where it would pass on the most consumer attention.Tesco, being a retail store, exhibits various layouts for customers to get attracted. The products offered are well placed and ordered in symmetry. Special offers are positioned usually at the entrance of the mart and at the eye level of aisle. Tesco evaluates the brand presence by demand and positive traits to place it on the shelves as a convenience factor. Like new promotions are advertised within the store through print media and are placed within the go through of common customer.Coca Cola keenly places it products according to the store size. In weakened retail outlets, it focuses on brand visibility as well as product availability. Merchandise and coolers are placed in such a way that they are the first thing to be detect by the customer who enters the store. Whereas in large retail chains, a victorian section is allotted for the Coca Cola merchandise. The aisle is decorate d with Coca Cola print advertisements and best-selling and new products are placed at eye level of the consumer to create brand recognition.5.4 Supply Chain ManagementAs mentioned by Blanchard, (2007), supply chain management is an on-going process which aims to harmonize the movement, storage, usage and the whole value chain which include the process from get to shelving.Tesco has adopted the principles of supply chain management and has reduced its costs by around 45%. As a result, it has been able to lower its inventory as well (Tesco, 2010). As it deals in consumer electronics and basic commodities with standard benefits like food, home supplies, standard clothing etc. its main function here is cost reduction aligned with customer satisfaction. With the fashion goods, timeline is focussed more due to desistly changing trends. Tesco deals with both the domestic customers as well as to business customers i.e. B2C and B2B respectively. So, it has aligned itself well to cater to both the markets (Brock, 2010).By implementing supply chain management concept, Coca Cola has reduced its inventory costs and production functionality. This has also enabled the company to ensure a rapid delivery of their products to the outlets and eventually the consumers. One more facial expression that urges Coca Cola to constantly improve its supply chain system is its belonging to the fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) sphere of influence.5.5 Schedule ManagementSchedule management is all about ensuring that the right tasks are conducted at the right time and on the right items. Following are some of the factors that the companies keep in their minds while managing operations.5.5.1 remove ForecastCoca Cola schedules itself by do a demand forecast to support the whole operations management process. It plans its capacity beforehand to ensure a steady flow for the future sales. For example, Coca Cola foresees its sales to go up in summers or social events so it schedules the production of products in such a way that it caters to the increased demand of the consumers. Similarly, Tesco follows the demand forecasting techniques to stay profitable and be able to move to demand during the times of social events and festivals. For example, customers would want costumes and pumpkins during Halloween and Christmas trees during Christmas.5.5.2 Master Scheduling primaeval players in master scheduling are sales and operations. Coca Cola has disaggregated its workflow into different major chunks. Through this a synergy is created which has a greater and better effect on the overall production process. This government agency that production process is divided into various segments and a sum of all would result into a whole. Coca-Cola alters the master schedule and as a result, inventories, lead times and capacity requirements are altered in favour.Tesco, on the other hand, manages the inventories and supply lines in accordance to the commodity requirement. For exa mple, perishable goods like rooted(p) food are kept till the mentioned expiry period. To make sure nothing goes wasted, appropriate quantities are taken and under storage capacity.5.6 rock ManagementLean management, according to Plenert, (2007), refers to the process of elimination of costs as well as wastes during production process.Coca Cola is one of the leading in waste management system. It has laid a cardinal factor phenomenon i.e. reduce, reuse and reprocess the packaging. It has introduced a new bottle design which is 20% lighter and it has slashed carbon emissions by 2,200 tonnes (Coca-Cola, 2010). The company has established recycle zones at certain places to encourage recycling of waste. The glass bottles currently incorporate about 37% recycled glass, while half of the aluminium used in the cans is recycled. Using the metal in this way saves 95 per cent of the animation needed to manufacture it from its unsanded form. Hence, new ways have helped fade costs attach ed.Tesco practices employee empowerment. It has a team of multi-cultural individuals working under one roof. They have been delegated certain authorities that help benefit both themselves and the customers. Theyve been able to show value in terms of competitive pricing. Moreover, it has cut costs by training the staff thus reducing the mishandling and waste of perishable goods and clarified items. It pursues perfection by creating customer pull value through value stream.5.7 Inventory Management SystemAn intelligent inventory management system is what almost every organization needs today. Tesco was one of the first ones to adopt the RFID system in practice. What purpose does it serve is that conventional bar codes are replaced with computer chips or smart tags. And this makes use of wireless technology to spread over inventory. It goes through two stages i.e. firstly the suppliers tag the inventory and send it to the respective outlets. To make sure it reaches at the right outle t, they are monitored wirelessly. Secondly, the already reached inventory is unpacked and further allotted with a different RFID and sent to shelves. One of the key benefits it offers is that it prevents from shoplifting.However, Coca Cola practices a bit simpler inventory management system. It gathers the infallible raw materials like concentrate etc. from various defines sources according to the requirements and stores them for operations. grouchy raw material is selected and sent to the work in process. Thus facilitating the inbuilt production process.Critical Analysis on Differences between OrganizationsAlthough both the companies have customer focused in their minds, the main difference between both Tesco and Coca Cola is their nature of production. Coca Cola serves in the manufacturing sector and produced high quality goods for consumption whereas, Tesco functions in the service sector and is involved in the production of services. It also acts as a middle man for various d eals.Coca cola is a soft drink beverages retail business that serves both the markets i.e. business to consumer and business to business customers. It offers its services to small scale as well as large scale retail outlets in the form of packaged beverage. And for the business community, it has contracts with various businesses like McDonalds and Burger king etc. and provides them with vending machines. It has paced itself well in the industry and always meets the consumer needs. The operation implications of Coca Cola involve a high tech beverage factory that produces high quality beverages and works 24 hours a day and seven days a week. A steady supply of raw materials is managed at a pace harmonious to the production process. A proper storage and inventory control system is also maintained in order to aid the supply chain aspects and then the supply of beverages to the end user is ensured at any cost.Tesco, on the other hand, is in a supermarket business. It focuses more on its outlets and the services it provide to the customers. Moreover, a key fact not to be neglected is its online store anatomyd as Tesco Direct. As the name suggests, the delivery is made direct to the defined place. All the bargains that Tesco offers are available online on Tesco Direct. This facilitates the consumer even before visiting the store hence adding value. asunder from dealing in the consumer goods, Tesco is also a key player in various other fields. It operates in Garden centers, for financial services it runs its own bank namely Tesco bank. In addition to that, it has its own brand of electronics products cognize as Technika. Other services offered include its presence in the telecom and energy sector as well.Section CEvaluation of concoctionToday, conducting operations in an environs in which if one doesnt evolve from early ways, it will go obsolete. Constant innovation in operations manakin and selecting a customer focused approach is very important.The operation s at Coca Cola Corporation are in collaboration with their long and short term goals. Through their staunch strategies and their rigorous implementation, Coca Cola has been able to improve itself in terms of financial growth as well as the market share. A better logistics system has helped it reach out to his customers at a rapid pace. And with the implementation of a better and more advanced production plant, it has benefited its own growth by change magnitude the production capacity and access to multiple productions at a time.The quality standards are maintained according to the world accredited criterions like ISO and environment friendly standards. They have shifted to using CFC free machinery in their chillers and coolers which are much healthier. With adoption of supply chain management system, the company has enabled a systematic approach to operations. The management of supply chain and operations has helped the company to provide the customers with the required satisfacti on level they wanted.Coca Cola is one of the leaders in waste management system. It has laid a three factor phenomenon i.e. reduce, reuse and recycle the packaging. It has introduced a new bottle design which is 20% lighter and it has slashed carbon emissions by 2,200 tonnes (Coca-Cola, 2010).Tesco also has a smart inventory control and management system. From collection of goods till their sale, everything is scrutinized and put under check to ensure free flow through proper channel. This has facilitated them to manage and forecast the demand of goods that are demanded more and the ones that are demanded lesser often.Coca Cola provides an excellent customer services programme by introducing new drinks according to the taste of the customers and by doing this they are very palmy in maintaining the existing customers devotion and catching new customers. Coke also introduces a coke reward programme. My Coke Rewards is customer loyalty marketing campaign for the Coca-Cola soft drink. Customers enter codes found on specially tag packages of Coca-Cola products on a website. Codes can also be entered on the go by texting them from a cell phone. These codes are converted into virtual points which can in turn be redeemed by members for various prizes.On the other hand Tescos Club card loyalty scheme is designed not only to reward members based on their spend, but also to enable Tesco to better understand and meet the needs and preferences of its customers by transcription and analysing their buying behaviour.In each Club card mailing, Tesco uses the information gained from its loyalty scheme to provide customers with offers that are as appropriate to them as possible. In fact, as a member, when you have your Club card vouchers, youll also receive one of over 80,000 different combinations of other special offers and vouchers, allocated to you based on your previous purchases and shopping habits. So instead of having to throw half of the supernumerary vouchers away , you should be able to save money by using them allTesco was one of the first ones to adopt the RFID system in practice. What purpose does it serve is that conventional bar codes are replaced with computer chips or smart tags. And this makes use of wireless technology to track inventory.However, Coca Cola practices a bit simpler inventory management system. It gathers the required raw materials like concentrate etc. from various defines sources according to the requirements and stores them for operations. Particular raw material is selected and sent to the work in process.By implementing supply chain management concept, Coca Cola has reduced its inventory costs and production functionality. This has also enabled the company to ensure a rapid delivery of their products to the outlets and eventually the consumers. One more aspect that urges Coca Cola to constantly improve its supply chain system is its belonging to the fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) sector.The lean procedures have devised employee empowerment and led both Tesco and Coca Cola to reduce as well as manage its wastes and eventually the costs attached to it. Coca Cola has deployed large waste bins in the cities to encourage recycling and practices reusing and recycling waste too. Tesco is also very focused to employee empowerment and gives away incentives to the ones who show performance. Additionally, value is not something that is just attached to price, quality or service but it is related to the experience as well. Layout planning plays a keen part in fulfilling this need of the customer. This satisfaction is achieved when the perceived value goes proportional to the quality provided. Hence, the value is added at every step of production of goods or services.Process mechanization in the manufacturing of Coca Cola products and in-store mechanization of Tesco has reduced the costs a great deal and has added worth to the companies. The strategies and techniques for production of goods and servi ces are constantly adding value to the means of production as well as to the customer norms which is creating a bond between organizations and the customers.By tracking performance on a regular basis, both the companies can identify areas that are performing well, as well as those that need to be improved and worldwide aims not just to retain customers. They a bigger share of each customers wallet the amount of money the customer has to spend on their products.

Nora’s Relationship with Torvald Essay -- A Dolls House Relationships

Noras Relationship with TorvaldThe drastic change in Noras family relationship with Torvald that occursduring the course of the puzzle out is made quite evident by what she saysand the bearing she delivers her speech. At the beginning of the play Noraseems completely halcyon with her doll- standardised relationship with Torvald.She responds affectionately to Torvalds teasing and plays along withhim if you only knew what expenses we boasts and squirrels have,Torvald. She is quite happy to be Torvalds light featherbrain.However, as the play continues, Nora incurs to realise that her unification has been a performance and that she needs her own freedom.She becomes more rebellious, starts to use the tyrannical with Torvaldand somewhat abandons her childlike language. As the play reaches its bar, Nora becomes totally independent from Torvald and negotiation to himfrom equal to equal, not daughter to father.At the beginning of the play, Noras relationship with Torvald seemsthat of a child with her father. She is patronised, called a littlesquirrel, a skylark and charge of being a spendthrift becauseshe cant save notes although she seems quite happy to be called so asshe doesnt plain about it and even plays along - when Torvald saysscampering about like a little squirrel? she just answers yesinstead of complaining about being treated like a little girl. WhenTorvald asks her what do they call little birds who are continuously makingmoney fly? she answers yes, I know, spendthrifts as if she had beentaught that lesson many quantify because she is so childish that shekeeps on making the same mistake. She never contradicts her married man very well, Torvald, if you say so asks for his approval like a... ...and that its nogood your forbidding me anything any lifelong because she has freedherself. By the end of the play Nora has her own voice, not Torvalds,she is no longer his doll that will do whatever he asks to please him,no longer his little skylark and not the wife for you.Over the course of the play, the alteration in Noras relationshipwith Torvald is made evident by the change in the way she speaks. Atthe beginning, she is his little squirrel, a childish featherbrainthat is pampered and patronised by Torvald. The confused turning pointsin the action, where Nora starts to change the way she speaks, usingthe imperative and contradicting Torvald start to show the change inthe relationship that is completed by the end of the play, when Noratalks clearly to Torvald from equal to equal, having a voice of herown, no longer his doll.

Immigration and Change as Natural :: Globalization Immigration Migration Essays

Immigration and Change as NaturalVoyages From Tongan Villages to American Suburbs, by Cathy A. Small, is both interesting and entertaining reading. This ethnography of affectionate change of a Pacific island nation, is a fine example of how a system of chiefdoms evolves into a monetary system. It also served to demonstrate how this process touch immigration in mainstream America. My first reaction stemmed from a political theory class I took. This in conjunction with, sociologist Saskia Sassens clause Why Migration , about the reasons why migration has become a key particle of contemporary global society, brought to mind the writings of Karl Marx. Marx who lived from 1818-1883, write extensively on the capitalist form of government and criticized it openly. Although I do not go for with the Marxist school of thought in general, I saw umteen truths in the things that he proclaimed. Among these he addressed the inroads of capitalism and its corruption of early(a) societies. These issues, along with the many readings we have had, brought to the forefront some of my own touching of discontent with our present society and world globalization, a discontent assorted and at times very similar to those who migrate. In Why Migration?, Sassen states, The primal role played by the United States in the emergence of a global economy over the past 30 years lies at the core of why people migrate here in ever so increasing numbers(Sassen 14). The author goes on to tell how the flow of capitalist goods, services and information creates link up between the United States and other countries. These links become bridges across which migrants, like the Tongans flow. With this in mind I could not help thinking how right Marx was, and how well he had forecasted Tongan transnationalism. In The German Ideology Marx writes, in reference to capitalists and their goods, in business office of honest-to-god wants satisfied by the production of the country, we fin d new wants requiring for triumph the production of distant lands and culture. He also writes, In place of the old local and national seclusion and self-sufficiency we have intercourse in every direction, universal interdependence of nations (Marx 162). This to me best sums up the transition of Tongan society. It seems to be the epitome of the issues Sassen raised in Why Migration?, issues that were relevant in Tongas new found transnationalism.

Catcher in the Rye Essay: Levels of Meaning -- Catcher Rye Essays

Levels of Meaning in The Catcher in the rye whis secernate   Protected by a cocoon of naivet, Holden Caulfield, the principal character in the novel, The Catcher in the Rye, therapeutically relates his lonely 24 hour retain in downtown New York metropolis, experiencing the phony adult world epoch dealing with the death of his innocent younger brother.  Through this well-developed teenage character, JD Salinger, uses elementary language and dialogue to outline many of the complex underlying problems follow adolescents.  With a unique beginning and ending, and an original tactile sensation at our mod society, The Catcher in the Rye is understood and appreciated on triple levels of comprehension. The book provides new insights and a fresh view of the world in which adolescents live. One way for readers to measure their level of comprehension in this story, is to look for the meaning of the title, its effect on the books theme and how it provides a deep look into Ho ldens character. Being an attention demanding tool, the title also can provide a mystery to which the reader can understand by pulling in concert the clues, hidden in the text. To an experienced reader, who may be familiar with the book, resourcefulness of a thumber in the rye is app bent throughout the story. However, for a new reader the journey begins past the middle of the book. While analyzing the city around him, Holden hold backs a kid walking in the street tattle and humming. As Holden nears he realizes the child is signing that song, If a tree trunk catch a body coming through the rye in a very pretty voice, making traffic come to a belly laugh halt, and making Holden feel not so depressed.(116) So far, the titles words argon just a catchy song, though their repetition, at a key mo... ...ginal tune, by Robert Burns, has the line If a body meet a body comin thro the rye, not If a body catch a body comin thro the rye. This is not the first time Holden has distorted so mething, though this lie has meaning. The original poem talks of the love of two people meeting each other, temporary hookup Holdens image is that of falling children being caught. Love is replaced by Holden protecting children, who are facing a death-like situation, a change showing how much of an extend to Allies death made on Holdens life. One might also see that Holden himself is falling out of innocence and needs a Catcher in the Rye himself, the books central paradox. In the end any reader could posit that The Catcher in the Rye is Holden Caulfield, though this title opens up a door into understanding his deep personality, the books theme, while exploring the central paradox.  

William Blake Essay -- William Blake Essays

William BlakeWilliam Blake is one of Englands most famous literary figures. He is remembered and admired for his dexterity as a painter, engraver, and poet. He was born on Nov. 28, 1757 to a poor Hosiers family living in or almost London. Being of a poor family, Blake received little in the commission of comfort or education while growing up. Amazingly, he did non attend school for very long and dropped out shortly by and by learning to read and write so that he could work in his grows shop. The life of a hosier however was not the mature path for Blake as he exhibited early on a skill for reading and drawing. Blakes skill for reading can be seen in his understanding for and use of works such as the Bible and Grecian classic literature. Interestingly enough, Blakes skill for writing went largely ignored throughout his life. One of his more famous works, Songs of Innocence, which he wrote and illustrated, with the help of his married woman Catherine Boucher, sold slowly and f or only a few shillings during his day. Today a copy of this work sells for thousands. While his skill as a writer was not recognized until after his passing, at the age of 14 his father noticed his skill as an artist and traind him to James Basire, a noted Engraver of the time. After spending some time as an apprentice and student at the Royal Academy, Blake was able to set up his get engraving business at 27 Broad Street in London. This venture proved to be largely unsuccessful and from this point on, in the year 1784, at the age of 27, Blakes career as an engraver-poet-prophet began. In admittance to being a poet and engraver Blake is described as a prophet because many a(prenominal) of his works are themed with religion. There is evidence that Blake was in allayed with his se... ...influence is absent from worldly concern. This is why in line 16 the poems narrator is asking body politic to Turn away no more because until theology and thus the earth pay attention to earth again the starry floor and watry shoot down which represent ration and chaos are going to continually repugn for power. The break of day in the last line is the coming of idol when and if he does. Right now however according to Blake the earth is still fallen and this is why life is the experience that he describes it to be. Overall I think that Blakes point to be made is that life is not controlled by God and that he does not feel the presence of god in his life. If he were to accept god then he would confirm no way of explaining why his life is as it is. He tries to point people who disagree with this point their errors in thinking by victimization graphic images of reality as proof of his point.

Trends in Family Formation: A Look at Same-Sex Marriage Essay example -

Introduction Family and espousals atomic number 18 fond and divine institutions that are facing constant challenges due to the rapidly changing trends in cabaret. In the past, the problems that families and marriages experienced were polygamy, early marriages, and family planning, further the current society experiences extra problems such as high rates of divorce, sustained marriages, genius parenthood, cohabitation, and emergence of same sex marriages among other pertinent issues. The emergence of same-sex marriages obscure conventional and religious teachings for these teachings view same sex marriage as an immoral issue in the society that should never happen at all. Despite the denial and renunciation of the same sex marriage in the society, gays and lesbians continue to exist in the society while their numbers are increasing alarmingly. High rates of divorce and marriage abuses have left over(p) m each young people wondering and questioning whether marriage is of any significance in life with regard to happiness and achievement. Glen argues that, young adults delay getting married, not out of cynicism or apathy so much, but because of a near crippling anxiety over whether they will perish at marriage like so many of their parents did (2012, np). Such and many other fears compel young people to get involved in aberrant sexual behaviors as gay and lesbianism in order to forfend problems associated with heterosexual marriages. Therefore, what are the trends, causes, and solutions regarding the issue same-sex marriage? Trends of Same-Sex brotherhoodSame-sex marriage is an emerge social and religious issue that is gradually finding its way in the legal system as constitutions of many countries recognize heterosexual marriage only. Conventional and ... ..., & Bynner, J. (2002). Learning, Family Formation and Dissolution. Centre For Research on the Wider Benefits of Learning, 4, 1-42.Glen, T. (2012). Family Formation Trends and abstract United St ates Overview. Focus on the Family. Web http//www.focusonthefamily.com/about_us/focus-findings/family-formation-trends/regnerus-family-structures-study.aspxJost, K. (2003). Gay Marriage. The Congressional every quarter Research, 13(30), 723-747.Marshall, W., & Sawhill, I. (2002). Progressive Family Policy in the 21st Century. Marriage and Legislation Journal, 1-49Murphy, M. (2001). Marriage in the Modern World. Family and Society Studies, 1-17Smith, R. (2006). Sexual Orientation in Children. puerility Growth and Development, 26-39. Somerville, M. (2003). The Case against Same-Sex Marriage. The Standing Committee on umpire and Human Rights, 1-11.