Friday, December 27, 2019

The Florida Department Of Environmental Protection

cruising through those small towns with souvenirs shops to each side, seafood restaurants mixed in and public access trails to the beaches spotted along the route you will notice that the buildings directly on the beach are on stilts. This is not just an architectural design and the fashion, but because of the fact that the developers know that the land is being swallowed by the sea. More and more houses, hotels, shops and restaurants have decks and some piers that lead into and over the water. The Florida Department of Environmental Protection even has courses for those in construction to acknowledge the erosion and increase the proper design, construction and maintenance of erosion and sediment control. The beaches, whether sandy or rocky are the buffers that keep the sea at bay from the land behind enemy lines. They are nature’s way of saving all the people and their livelihoods from being swept away into the deep blue yonder. When waves crash into the beach it carries sedi ment with it and deposits such sediment. The alternative is that when a wave recedes back into the ocean it carries that sediment back to sea. This is usually done at an unequal rate, and leads to coastal erosion. In fact, coastal erosion is one of the reasons we have so many beautiful beaches around the world due to their unique shape. Long shore currents move water in a parallel direction of the shoreline, carrying the sand with it. But as we continue to build piers, docks, sea walls, and jettiesShow MoreRelatedEnvironmental Quality Report : Pensacola Bay1333 Words   |  6 PagesSteven Robison GEO 2330 Environmental Quality Report Pensacola Bay When it comes to Pensacola Bay there are many environmental factors to consider when wanting to know how well the area is doing in relation to quality of the land, air and water. In this report, the examination will be upon the water quality of Pensacola Bay. The water quality of Pensacola Bay is very complex and in order for ecosystems and organisms to survive in a small contained space the chemistry has to be just right. ThisRead MoreEnvironmental Conservation Of Tampa Bay1638 Words   |  7 Pages Environmental Conservation in Tampa Bay Natalie Marshall Everest University October 2, 2014 â€Æ' Environmental Conservation in Tampa Bay Give a hoot, don’t pollute! This slogan was popular in the 1970’s when a cute animated owl named Woodsy the Owl was introduced on television in a public service announcement by the U. S. Forestry service in an antilitter campaign. Don’t be a dirty bird was an additional slogan associated with this cute character to grab the attention of children as well asRead MoreThe Great Coral Reef Of Florida1544 Words   |  7 Pageselaborate more on is the Great Coral Reef of Florida. There are many important aspects to look at other than facts about the Great Coral Reef, but also the effects it is facing as well as how it plays a role in the economy, as in terms of bringing in money for the communities. Each topic that I am going to talk about mainly comes from information found by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Florida Department of Environmental Protection. The National Oceanic and AtmosphericRead MoreAn Argument For Community Change1161 Words   |  5 Pagespollution in Florida is reducing pure water sources at a drastic rate, destroying natural beauty, and severely impacting the survival of local wildlife. Human actions are a major contribution to this issue, therefore citizen awareness is the highest workable solution to diminish the threat and improve the degradation of our waterways. Florida cities near major waterways should establish annual community events to raise awareness and positively impact this problem. It is no secret that Florida water conditionsRead MoreSouthwest Florida Water Management District884 Words   |  4 PagesCardno is pleased to submit this response to the Northwest Florida Water Management District s (District) Request for Proposal (RFP) No. 15-003, Contractual Services for Water Resources Evaluations. Pursuant with the RFP, Cardno has signed Section 6 Submittal Categories and Acknowledgement Form and we have attached that document immediately behind this introduction to our team and services. Cardno has assembled for you a team of experts in aquatic ecology, hydrologic modeling, data management andRead MoreModule 4 Effects Of Contaminants On The Environment1424 Words   |  6 Pagesis contributor to Air Pollution. These machinery that uses combustion engines burn gasoline or other fossil release polluted chemical. The major contamination pollutants are carbon monoxide, hydro-carbons, nitrous oxides, carbon dioxide. The environmental understanding the ten vehicles selected contributed toward emitted directly into the atmosphere when the carbon in fuel doesn t burn completely. There is aftermath a secondary pollution after contamination has been released into atmosphere. TheRead MoreAn Argument For Community Change1265 Words   |  6 Pagespollution in Florida is reducing pure water sources at a drastic rate, destroying natural beauty, and severely impacting the survival of local wildlife. Human actions are a major contribution to this issue, therefore citizen awareness is the highest workable solution to diminish the threat and improve the degradation of our waterways. Florida cities near major waterways should establish annual community events to raise awareness and positively impact this problem. It is no secret that Florida water conditionsRead MoreEssay about Issues Surrounding the Migrant Farm Worker1442 Words   |  6 Pagesscrutinizing the source of the food their family consumes. However, even the most conscientious consumer is not fully aware of the exhaustive efforts and struggle to get a juicy, ripe strawberry or that plump tomato in the middle of winter, even in Florida. These foods are harvested and picked mostly by seasonal and migrant farm workers. Migrant workers hail, in large part, from Mexico and the Caribbean, and their families often travel with them. Migrant farm workers must endure challenging conditionsRead MorePublic Agency Employees Should Remain Neutral And Apolitical During Agency Decision Making And Policy Implementation937 Words   |  4 Pagesoffices of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) throughout the USA. The mission of the EPA is to protect human health and the environment. In addition to the regional offices, there are many labs a cross the USA that studies solutions to possible environmental issues. Once these solutions come into place they are brought to attention of both local and worldwide public administrators. A recent incident of a public agency employee not staying value neutral was Governor Rick Scott of Florida. GovernorRead MoreEssay about Resource Mangement for Clean Water in Households1268 Words   |  6 Pagescease to exist in less than two weeks. It’s no surprise then that the Department of the Interior has seven agencies tasked in some capacity with the regulation, distribution, filtration, and preservation of clean water. 1 But in reality, while these federal agencies do serve a purpose, they are not demonstrably involved with the process of bringing clean water to households. That is the job of the states and localities. Florida, due to it’s size, shape, topography, and population centers, serves as

Thursday, December 19, 2019

My Life And Death Running Through My Mind - 1517 Words

but for a brief moment, I began to reason with both a spiritual and human mindset at the same time. Because of this, I started to be concerned about my human body back in the car. In my human thoughts, I perceived that my spirit form may have been vacant from my human body for years. Maybe this was true or maybe it was just a logical, rational approach to finding a timely answer. I began to wonder if I had been away long enough that my human body had died. Was there a funeral? Did anyone mourn me? I had so many thoughts about life and death running through my mind. I felt very confused as to my true existence. I felt in limbo, as I didn’t know how to proceed, or where I was destined to go. In my new state of confusion, my mind†¦show more content†¦I had arrived through God’s holy hand to the moment He intended, I was given a choice to either move on to heaven or to go back to Earth and resume my human life. This was a unique experience because I had come to my judgment before physical death. As I was formerly a healthy, living person, I was given the opportunity to come back to Earth to resume my life and share my experience. This was not the usual protocol, but God gave me the choice to serve Him in this capacity or to move on as others do, to remain a resident of heaven. Now I understood why God allowed me to become aware of my human body, so that I could have the option to be what I was or to move forward to a new existence. As a heavenly being, I no longer needed the Holy Spirit’s guidance to aid in my decision. I was now a citizen of heaven and I ha d a Godly mind, free from anything to contaminate pure thoughts. In Heaven, there are no sinful intrusions in a point of view, no coercing of wrong alternatives to overcome. Only right and pure thoughts exist in a heavenly mind. Making a decision is one good or another. It felt so natural and beautiful to move on to heaven. It wasn’t logical, it was just and simple. It wasn’t rational, it was as if I was coming home, it was love in action, love in verb form. My new and perfect mind worked so fast within my spiritual thoughts that I answered my own heart’s

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Survey of Information Security System †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Survey of Information Security System. Answer: Introduction: In this article Rahman and Choo (2015) discusses about the ways of handling incidence arising from lack of security for the availability of the assets in the organization. The writer of the article are from information security department of University f South Australia and University of Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. The survey was done by analyzing the literature of existing reports about the incidence handling with the help of cloud computing. They further proposed the writers conducted a cloud incident handling model and an open research. Cloud computing management is one of the most recent technologies used to secure the information within the organization. Thus, it is reliable to depend on the research conducted and it is also relevant as it is one of the most demanding topics. The main limitation of the research was that it did not considered any experimentation about the real world usage of cloud computing. Jing et. al. (2014) has evaluated in their article about the increasing use of Internet in all the activities of the world from household task to professional task. The writers of the article are professors in different university of China and Kuwait. The paper used literature to analyze the problem of security arising from the internet usage and offered a descriptive framework about the security issues. Internet is highly used by everybody in todays world and it is essential for any organization to analyze the threat arising from the usage of this technology. Thus, carrying out a research in this field is advantageous and demanding in the fast expanding environment. The main limitation put forward in this article is that it failed to carry out a primary survey to analyze the thinking about the security of Internet of Things (IoT). Dumais et al (2016) in his article has discussed about the importance of information technology system used in the organizations and the privacy it gives to the data stored through this system. The writers of the article are professors of various Universities. The emergence of the technology of data collection has been discussed in this book with a focus on the agencies management and methods that offer such protection. It has discussed about the use of E-commerce and Electronic money in the business environment that has facilitated their mode of work. E-commerce is growing its coverage at a faster rate and thus it requires a good information security system.The major limitation seen in this book that it did not focus on the usage of internet method in various household activities. Only the usage of internet in the commercial world is discussed both national and international. Li et. al. (2015) has also discussed about Internet of Things (IoT) as it is has been considered as a internet that will be used in future and includes a lot of communication things. The writers of the article are faculty of engineering and information technology in different Universities. The survey was conducted by focusing on the various emerging techniques in which IoT can be implemented. The IoT technology will be very helpful in future as it offers a lot of potential in the future. Thus, carrying out research in this segment s beneficial and the paper is reliable for further research. Te major limitation of the research is that it has just presented literature review about the topic and there is no primary survey conducted for the research to know the believe of professional about this new growing technology. Shameli-Sendi et. al. (2016) has analyzed the risk offered by information security system on the data of the organization. It has viewed that the security of such system should be increased in order to offer a much-secured environment to valuable assets. The researchers of this article are faculty of information security department and technology department of various universities. The research was conducted through secondary research by analyzing the papers offered on the topic from 1995 to 2014. The research conducted is important as organizations in todays world are expanding considerably and it is necessary that they have a secured information security system. Thus, it proves that this system is reputable and it will be of high value if researched further. However, the research paper can be used to carry out further research on this ground after 2014 in business management environment. References: Ab Rahman, N. H., Choo, K. K. R. (2015). A survey of information security incident handling in the cloud.Computers Security,49, 45-69. Jing, Q., Vasilakos, A. V., Wan, J., Lu, J., Qiu, D. (2014). Security of the internet of things: Perspectives and challenges.Wireless Networks,20(8), 2481-2501. Dumais, S., Cutrell, E., Cadiz, J. J., Jancke, G., Sarin, R., Robbins, D. C. (2016, January). Stuff I've seen: a system for personal information retrieval and re-use. InACM SIGIR Forum(Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 28-35). ACM Li, S., Da Xu, L., Zhao, S. (2015). The internet of things: a survey.Information Systems Frontiers,17(2), 243-259 https://www.istp.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/international-relations-dam/Teaching/bridging/Shancang%202014.pdf Shameli-Sendi, A., Aghababaei-Barzegar, R., Cheriet, M. (2016). Taxonomy of information security risk assessment (ISRA).Computers Security,57, 14-30

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Roman Numerals and Process free essay sample

Chapter 09a Process Capability and Statistical Process Control Review and Discussion Questions 1. The capability index allows for some drifting of the process mean. Discuss what this means in terms of product quality output. When Cpk is larger then 1. 33 or 1. 5, this means that the mean of the process can drift (up to a limit) while still producing within specifications. This is what is implied by the phrase â€Å"a capable process. 2. Discuss the purposes and differences between the P-charts and X-bar and R charts. P-charts are used to monitor the process for attribute data. These are typically binomial â€Å"go, no-go† data.An example of a P-chart is percent of pieces nonconforming. X-bar charts are used for charting population values for continuous measurement. X-bar charts operate effectively with smaller sample sizes than P-charts, but it is more involved to analyze the sample for an X-bar chart since a measurement must be taken. A rule of thumb for the sample size of a P-chart is to have at least one defective in each sample. We will write a custom essay sample on Roman Numerals and Process or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This can require a relatively large sample size in some cases. If the process is slow, an X-bar chart will generally be a better choice since it functions with smaller sample sizes.An example of an X-bar chart is average time to complete a mile run for one person. R charts are used to compute process ranges for variable data, and are generally used in concert with X-bar charts. 3. In an agreement between a supplier and a customer, the supplier must ensure that all parts are within tolerance before shipment to the customer. What would be the effect on the cost of quality to the customer? Before the agreement was made, the customer probably inspected each part to protect against off-spec supplies. This agreement (ideally) eliminates the need for this inspection.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Academic Strengths free essay sample

Everybody has something in life that they are good at; something that person naturally has a knack for. Some people excel in athletics, for others it may be fine arts such as art or theater, for many it may be an academic subject, such as English and writing. In my case, I am considered an exception to normality. Since starting school, I have always had an exceptional aptitude for mathematics and science. It always came naturally. Throughout elementary and middle school, math was a breeze for me. It presented few challenges and I often found myself correcting my teachers instead of vice versa. However, entering high school, math classes became increasingly difficult and strenuous. Although the course work increased and became more time consuming, in the end, I adjusted well to the upper level courses I began taking. It was not until my sophomore year, that math suddenly became extremely strenuous. We will write a custom essay sample on Academic Strengths or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That year, I took Pre-Advanced Placement (Pre-Ap) Algebra II with the best math teacher I have ever had, Mrs. Robison. During the first couple of grading periods, I maintained a B- average in her class. This was different, considering that I was used to having such high grades in my math classes. One day after school, I decided I would arrange a student teacher meeting to discuss my grade and the steps I would be able to take to improve it. While meeting with Mrs. Robison, she gave me some of the best advice I had ever received. She told me, â€Å"Jermyah, math comes easily for you but, if you do not study and apply yourself, your goal of having an A in this class, or any other class for that matter, will never become a reality. † From that day forward, my previously jaded outlook on math was transformed into an attitude that would allow me to get the grade I desired. The following year, I moved on to Pre-Calculus. In this class, I used everything I learned from Mrs. Robison regarding math and whenever it applied to everday life. I was to finish the class with an A average. This year I am in AP Calculus and I have the privilege of having Mrs. Robison again. I am maintaining an A in this class so far; and I look forward to exercising my greatest academic strengths everyday in her class. Another subject that I find that I excel in is science. I have found many aspects of it to be extremely interesting. For example, knowing that science is just like math, but applied to real situations, intrigues me. As mentioned earlier, similar to math, it has always come natural to me; but, different from math, I really enjoy science. Upon my entering high school, I took Pre-Ap Biology. I was fortunate enough to have a teacher that was incredibly knowledgeable and engaging. I completed the class with a B+ average. My junior year, I took Pre-Ap Physics and Astronomy. My astronomy teacher has been the most passionate teacher that I have ever had It is because of him that all of my apprehensions regarding my lack of interest in the cosmos were put to the side. Mr. Austin found a way to make his passion for space, and its counterparts to rub off on me. He taught me that you will succeed naturally at what you yearn to learn for. Math and science comes naturally to me because of my interest in these two subjects. It has been a coincidence that in both of these subjects I have had two of the most inspirational teachers of my high school career. Considering the fact that math and science is involved in everyday life, it is a blessing that I am dominant in these two subjects. What more could a girl ask for?

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Ideal Gas Law Worked Chemistry Examples

Ideal Gas Law Worked Chemistry Examples You may wish to refer to the General Properties of Gases to review concepts and formulae related to ideal gasses. Ideal Gas Law Problem #1 Problem A hydrogen gas thermometer is found to have a volume of 100.0 cm3 when placed in an ice-water bath at 0 °C. When the same thermometer is immersed in boiling liquid chlorine, the volume of hydrogen at the same pressure is found to be 87.2 cm3. What is the temperature of the boiling point of chlorine? Solution For hydrogen, PV nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature. Initially: P1 P, V1 100 cm3, n1 n, T1 0 273 273 K PV1 nRT1 Finally: P2 P, V2 87.2 cm3, n2 n, T2 ? PV2 nRT2 Note that P, n, and R are the same. Therefore, the equations may be rewritten: P/nR T1/V1 T2/V2 and T2 V2T1/V1 Plugging in the values we know: T2 87.2 cm3 x 273 K / 100.0 cm3 T2 238 K Answer 238 K (which could also be written as -35 °C) Ideal Gas Law Problem #2 Problem 2.50 g of XeF4  gas is placed into an evacuated  3.00 liter  container at 80 °C. What is the pressure in the container? Solution PV nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the  number  of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature. P?V 3.00 litersn 2.50 g XeF4  x 1 mol/ 207.3 g XeF4   0.0121 molR 0.0821 l ·atm/(mol ·K)T 273 80 353 K Plugging in these values: P nRT/V P 00121 mol x 0.0821 l ·atm/(mol ·K) x 353 K / 3.00 liter P 0.117 atm Answer 0.117 atm

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Personal ethics action plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Personal ethics action plan - Essay Example The individual needs to involve ethics in his day to day operation to provide rational and ethical perspective to any prevailing situation. Leadership Leadership can be comprehended as the method of influencing a group by the individual to accomplish common goals. An individual leader needs to recognize the core values. He also needs to have the audacity to live them throughout the life in the service of common good. This is known as personal leadership. Character ‘Character’ in simpler terms can be comprehended as the numerous actions taken by the individual. The actions are thus taken for the purpose of carrying out the ethics, moral as well as values. It is to state that character may not be reflected in what is said by a person or in his intention to do something. It is reflected in what the individual does. Service Service can be explained as the action taken by a person for the purpose of helping someone. There is close relation between the service as well as leade rship. A leader is supposed to delegate the task to his followers and is also accountable for performing many other services. However, he also needs to assure that his followers are completing the task in an ethical manner for achieving the common goal of the organization. Section 2 Fraud Fraud is an ethical issue that impacts the success of the organizations as well as the leaders. The ethical decision is made when a person tends to recognize that a certain context has ethical components. One needs to develop ethical-issue awareness for the purpose of understanding the business ethics. It is the conflicts that give rise to the ethical issues. The conflicts may arise among the individuals’ personal moral ideologies as well as values, the values along with the culture in which they work in the organization and the society in which they live. It is to state that the ethical issues are problems, opportunities or situations requiring the individual, organization and the group to select among numerous actions that need to be assessed as right or incorrect along with ethical and unethical. It can be stated that if an individual involving himself in any kind of misleading and deceiving practices for the purpose of advancing his interest over those of the organization, then it that case they are charged of fraud. Fraud can be understood as the deliberate communication deceiving, concealing and manipulating the fact related to the organization for the purpose of creating a false notion. It is treated as a crime and thus a person fetched with it can be penalized such as imprisonment, fines or it may at times lead to both depending upon the severity of the case. The most common form of frauds as reported by the coworkers are shoplifting or stealing of the office supplies. It has been noted that in the modern times accounting fraud is more pronounced, and thus it has been an ethical issue. However, frauds are not limited to accounting. In the recent times, fraud ha s also been related to the consumers as well as marketing issues. Accounting fraud is becoming one of the serious issues in the corporate houses. It is the financial report of the corporation that helps the investors as well as the other related parties to make informed judgment regarding their deals. If this report or document is full

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

What lead Orestes Brownson to coin the term Manifest Destiny Research Paper

What lead Orestes Brownson to coin the term Manifest Destiny - Research Paper Example Orestes Brownson, is considered to be a founding father of one â€Å"school of thought†, as he declared out of all of the states of the Western Hemisphere, the America only had a â€Å"destiny.† This meant that America as he saw it had been chosen to do marvellous things in the history of humanity. Thus, the Manifest Destiny concept is based on the idea that America had a divine providence. However, there were concerns that were cropping up, which seemed to challenge this notion and slavery was the main issue. It raised issues on whether they should be allowed into the territories and the impact it could have on America being the divine destiny. Various aspects such as that of George Bancroft, of The American Republic stipulates that the state originates in man's social nature and derives its rights, not from consent or agreement of individuals, or the surrender of the rights of individuals, but, under God, from society itself, and therefore has for its mission to prote ct and defend the rights on one hand of society, and an individual. There is no society without individuals, but there are no individuals without society George Bancroft (1866). George (1866), continues to state that Orestes, though believing in theme of society, he had difficulty with this concept of the "people" as it was not always clear who the people" were, or who were to be recognized as their legitimate or illegitimate spokesmen. George (1866) continues to state that, there was unease of an apotheosis of a people that was together, which was the origin of "socialism." George states that as, â€Å"...for if the society, were great or supreme in the best sense, the final court of questions, assertion of individual liberty in the face of the democratic nation would not exist.† On America as a Nation, Orestes Brownson believed that Countries can be viewed as individuals from a big picture or scale, have life, sense of individuality, reason, a mind of their own and same law that govern development and growth or even decay as a person. Moreover, a nation had to know itself, understand why it exists, power that it has faculties, rights and destiny. This meant that a nation provided sub-categories, that made it whole. The Mission of the nation, according to Orestes, meant that: â€Å"Every living nation has an idea given it by Providence to realize, and whose realization is its special work, mission, or destiny. Every nation is, is some sense, a chosen people of God. It mean that the Jews were considered to be the the chosen people of God, from whom the tradition were to remain until the messiah came back. History did not save its mission, and as far as they are known, they have contributed to the development or issues such as corruption of religion and civilization. Despotism is barbaric and abnormal.† Orestesbrownson online (2009). Another issue that Orestes found necessary for the nation to be a manifest destiny was the need to understand the c onstitution. This was because the constitution of America being defective. He argued that if the states that had slaves was as a simple agreement, then they would never prosper. However, the issue was How to assert union, without there being consolidation and state rights without disintegration. Moreover, the nation had to have a nature for it to be a government. He believed that; The nature or essence of government is to govern. A government that does not govern is simply no government at all. If it has not the ability to govern and governs not it may be an agency, an instrument in the hands of individuals for advancing their private interests, but it is not government. To be government it must govern both individuals and the community. If it is a

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Human Biological Systems, Organisation of the Body Assignment

Human Biological Systems, Organisation of the Body - Assignment Example liverworts, mosses Pteridophytes These are vascular plants which characteristically do not produce flowers and seeds. Reproduction takes place via the dispersion of spore. The dominant generation is saprophytic. Have true roots. Club mosses, ferns, horsetail Gymnosperms These are seed producing plants and seeds develop to form cones. They produce unisexual flowers. pines, ephedra, juniper, fir, redwood Angiosperms These are seed producing plants and are known as flowering plants. They show derived characteristics and produce flowers, endosperms, and fruits. Water lilies, black pepper, bluebells, cucumber (SOLOMON & MARTIN, 2005). TAQ 2. Flowering plants Monocotyledons Flowering plants Dicotyledons Monocotyledons consist of 55,000 species and are predominantly herbaceous Dicotyledons consist of 165,000 species and are woody stemmed plants The primary root soon aborts and the mature root system becomes adventitious Mature root system either primary or adventitious or both Consist of a single cotyledon Consist of two cotyledons Intrafascicular cambium is not present and leaves are parallel veined Intrafascicular cambium is present and leaves are mostly net veined Vascular bundles are scattered in two or more rings Vascular bundles are present in the form of a ring surrounding pith Floral parts are borne in sets of 3 and sometimes 4 Floral parts are borne in sets of 5 Pollen is typically triaperturate Pollen is uniaperturate (KOKWARO, 1994). TAQ 3. Classes Characteristics Examples Jelly fish, Anemones (Coelenterates) Aquatic, mostly marine and body cavity has a hypostome. The hypostome is surrounded by sensory tentacles Corals, hydra Flatworms (platyhelminthes) Flatworms are bilaterally symmetrical and have no internal body cavity. Have a distinct head and tail and have no specialized circulatory and respiratory system Planaria, tapeworms, flukes Round worms (nematodes) Non-segmented worms, bilaterally symmetrical, body has a complex cuticle around it. Ascaris lumb ricoides, Enterobius vermicularis Ringed Worms (annelids) Have elongated bodies divided into segments and are called segmented worms. The worms exist in different shapes and colors. Body cavity is lined by mesoderm and have a closed circulatory system Earthworms, leeches Snails, slugs, squids (Molluscs) Non segmented worms, have a mantle and an internal as well as external shell. A radula is also present Octopus, mussels, tusk shells Star fish, sea urchin (Echinoderms) Have a radial symmetry and the central body has several protruding arms. Tube feeds with suction pads are also present Sand dollars, sea stars Insects, spiders, crabs (Arthropods) Have segmented bodies with paired segmented appendages. Have bilateral symmetry and a chitnous exoskeleton Scorpions, centipedes, millipedes (THORP & COVICH, 1991) TAQ. 4 Classes Characteristics Examples Spiders, ticks, mites, daddy Longlegs, scorpions (Arachnida) They make webs and have two body regions. They have chelicerae and very long l egs Rust mite, clover mite, black widow spider Centipedes (Chilopoda) Segmented bodies with a single pair of legs on each segment. Have a single pair of antenna Blue ring centipede, stone centipede, earth centipede Millipedes (Diplopoda) Segmented bodies with two pairs of legs on each segment. Have a single pair of antenna. Pill millipede, bristly millipede, spotted millipede Crabs, lobsters (Crustacea) They have three major body segments namely head, thorax and abdomen. Have two pairs of antenna. They have

Friday, November 15, 2019

ZigBee Physical IEEE

ZigBee Physical IEEE This report work started with extensive literature study in several area of ZigBee, particular in the physical aspect. This knowledge was then implemented in simulating the physical aspect of the Zigbee working in the range of 2.4 GHz. Various parameter of the physical layer are alter to demonstrate the its effect by using MATLAB(syntax code in M-file and Simulink). Results are analyzed and compared to demonstrate how the actual standard and specification are derived. 2.0 Literature Review Zigbee is known as IEEE 802.15.4 Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) standard is part of the IEEE 802 family of digital communication standards. It is designed for low-cost, low-power applications that require relatively low data throughput which is down to an average of less than 1 bps. It is also differentiated from IEEE 802.15.1TM (Bluetooth TM) in several respects; it does not support isochronous voice, as Bluetooth does. Figure 2.0(a) shows the comparison with standard and technologies. 2.1 Applications ZigBee technology is well suited to a wide range of energy management and efficiency, building automation, industrial, medical, home automation applications. Essentially, applications that require interoperability and/or the RF performance characteristics of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard would benefit from a ZigBee solution. Examples include: Demand Response Advanced Metering Infrastructure Automatic Meter Reading Lighting controls HVAC control Heating control Environmental controls Wireless smoke and CO detectors Home security Blind, drapery and shade controls Medical sensing and monitoring Universal Remote Control to a Set-Top Box which includes Home Control Industrial and building automation 2.2 Advantages The most appealing advantages Zigbee has is low power consumption due low duty cycle of end device that only turns on when required, uses only small capacity of battery but long operating time. It is also relatively low cost compare to other wireless network. It offered low message throughput with the size of code ranges from 32kB to 70kB and is only approximately 10% of code size used in Bluetooth technology. Other advantages are listed below: -Large network order. -Few QoS guarantee -Selectable levels of security based on the Advanced Encryption Standard with 128-bit keys (AES-128) s. 2.3 Physical layer IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee has two available physical layers. In the 2.4-GHz band, it supports a data rate of 250 kbps; there are 16 available channels, centred at 2405 + 5k MHz, where 0 ≠¤ k ≠¤ 15. The other physical layer is a regional one, covering the 868.0 to 868.6 MHz band available in Europe and the 902 to 928 MHz band available in much of the Americas. There is a single channel in the 868 MHz band, centred at 868.3 MHz, with a BPSK data rate of 20 kbps; the standard supports a BPSK data rate of 40 kbps in the 902 to 928 MHz band, with channels centred at 906 + 2k MHz, where 0 ≠¤ k ≠¤ 9.[1] 2.4 Network topologies To meet its wide range of potential applications, IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee supports star, mesh, and tree networks, the latter two being multihop networks. Multihop Network: A multi-hop communications allows data from one device to be relayed to another device via intermediary devices. By relying on these intermediary devices, the range of a given network can be significantly increased while at the same time limiting the power consumption of each device. [2] Star Network: Star network topologies are commonly referred to as point-to-point and point-to-multipoint networks. This topology can be supported by either ZigBee or 802.15.4. In this network, all devices are limited to â€Å"single-hop† communications. Typical applications for star networks include garage door openers and remote controls. [2] 2.5 DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) IEEE 802.15.4 uses direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) for robust data communications. A DSSS spectrum system is spreading baseband by directly multiplying the baseband data with the PN code sequence. At the receiver side code, synchronization is received and the signal is passed through a filter. At the next step, it is multiplied by a local version of the same PN sequence. The received data are then dispread. The signal bandwidth is reduced. An interference signal will be spread when multiplying with the dispread sequence and the power of the interference is reduced when the bandwidth are increased. The part of the interference signal that does not have the same bandwidth as the desired signal is then filter out. In this way the most of the interference power is eliminated. 2.6 Channel Access There are two types of channel access in the IEEE 802.15.4 defined communication system. They are based on whether the devices want to retain their own exclusive time slot for communication or they have to compete with other devices for accessing the channel. The contention based allows the devices to access the channel in distributed way using CSMA CA algorithm. With this method each devices has to scan the air medium for free channel or to compete with other devices for the channel access. With contention free method, the network coordinator decides about the channel access by using Guaranteed Time Slot (GTS) of the channel space. This method is suitable for latency sensitive devices that require short delay time and no competition for channel access. To meet its low average power consumption goals, IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee is capable of extremely low duty cycles — below 10 ppm [3]. The standard also supports beaconless operation — an asynchronous, asymmetrical mode supporting unslotted CSMA-CA channel access for star networks — that enables devices other than the receiving central node to remain asleep for indefinite periods, thus reducing their average power consumption still further. 2.7 Data processing IEEE 802.15.4 2.4-GHz physical layer uses a 16-ary quasi-orthogonal signalling technique — trading signal bandwidth to recover sensitivity with coding gain. A particular 32-chip, pseudo-random (PN) sequence is used to represent four bits [3].A chip is a symbol from p-n code sequence. There are 16 chips sequence and one is defined in table below: Information is placed on the signal by cyclically rotating or conjugating (inverting chips with odd indices) the PN sequence 8. The PN sequence is rotated in increments of four chips: symbols 0 through 7 represent rotation without conjugation; and symbols 8 through 15 represent the same rotations, but with conjugation. In this way, four bits are placed on each transmitted symbol and, because transmitted symbols are related by simple rotations and conjugations, receiver implementations can be simplified over other orthogonal signalling techniques that employ unrelated PN sequences. Half-sine shaped Offset-Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (O-QPSK) is employed, in which the chips of even index are placed on the I-channel and the chips of odd index are delayed one-half chip period and then placed on the Q-channel. The chip rate on either the I or the Q channel is 1 Mchip/s, so the overall chip rate is 2 Mchip/s. The symbol rate is 62.5 k symbols/s, leading to a data rate of 250 kbps. [4] 3.0 Description of the Simulator In this report, Simulink and syntax code (M-file) in MATLAB are used to generate the scatter plot. For the implementation of overall block system in Simulink model, the equivalent block diagram is as shown above. The Simulink model block consists of random integer generator, modulator and demodulator, noise channel and also error rate calculator. Simulink model effectively represent the complicated syntax code into system model block. The signal is generated by using a Random integer, the Random Integer Generator block generates uniformly distributed random integers in the range [0, M-1]. Then, the signal are modulated by OQPSK, the Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (OQPSK) modulation scheme is used in this assignment. As stated in literature review, Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (OQPSK) is a variant of phase-shift keying modulation using 4 different values of the phase to transmit. Addictive White Gaussian Noise is then added to the signal to simulate a practical channel w hich consists noise. After that, the signal is demodulated by using the same scheme-OQPSK. Result are compared with the initial signal (output from the Random Integer) to calculate the BER and SER performance of the scheme. The Discrete-Time Scatter Plot Scope block displays scatter plots of a modulated signal, which are located after AWGN block to reveal the modulation characteristics, such as channel distortions of the signal. For M-file code, the sequence is similar as the above block diagram, the following command are to used to generated the random signal : out = randint(m,n,rg) The code represented above generates an m by n integer matrix of random number. Variable â€Å"rg† represent the range of random number to be generated. The modulating part and demodulating are done by using the below code: y = oqpskmod(x) y = oqpskdemod(x) To add noise to the signal: y = awgn(x,snr,measured) Where x is the input signal and â€Å"snr† is the signal to noise ratio. The scatter plot are plotted by using: scatterplot(y) Besides plotting the scatter plot, the BER versus SNR curve are plotted as it is important to compare different modulating scheme in term of the BER performance. This is done by using syntax code in M-file. The complete code is attached in the appendix. The following is the flow chart to describe the sequence of the code. At the end, three graphs are generated ideal BER characteristic, practical BER characteristic and SER characteristic. 4.0 Result and Discussion . Dots are located at the centre of the boundary lines which is within the box or boundary line. This indicated that proper digital signal is being received. The closer the detected level/phase dots are plotted to the middle of the boundaries, the lesser noise and interference to the digital signal. However this diagram will never be obtain in practical cases. Therefore to simulate a practical real cases, Addictive White Gaussian noise must be considered, Additive Gaussian noise disturb the digitally modulated signal during analog transmission, for instance in the analog channel. Additive superimposed noise normally has a constant power density and a Gaussian amplitude distribution throughout the bandwidth of a channel. If no other error is present at the same time, the points representing the ideal signal status are expanded to form circular â€Å"clouds† as shown below. As figure above shown, scattering of the dots indicates some marginal signal performance degradation but not enough to cause significant digital bit errors because dots are still located inside the boundary. Only dots to the edges of the quadrant or beyond represent significant degradation that results in bit errors during decoding which are shown in figure below generated by using Simulink . In conventional QPSK, change in the input bit from 00 to 11 or 01 to 10 causes a corresponding 180 ° shift in the output phase therefore an advantage of OQPSK is the limited phase shift that must be imparted during modulation. The sudden phase-shifts occur about twice as often as for QPSK (since the signals no longer change together), but they are less severe. In other words, OQPSK has smaller jumps when compared to QPSK. This lowers the dynamical range of fluctuations in the signal which is desirable in engineering communications signals. As mentioned earlier, the simulation is performed to study the performance of the design model. The study is done by observing the bit error rate (BER) with respect to the signal to noise ratio (SNR) The simulation (Figure 4.0(f)) compares the BER versus SNR curve for different modulation scheme used. Four different modulation schemes is taken into comparison, which is the Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) and finally Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (OQPSK) employed by Zigbee operating at 2.4GHz radio band. By comparing different modulation scheme give better insight on which modulation is better and suitable. All modulation schemes are simulated with the value M = 4, where it is effectively represented by n = 2 bits which can be calculated from the following formula below: n = log2 (M) The first graph below shows the theoretical bit error rate versus signal to noise ratio curve. For practical system, white Gaussian noise is added. If comparison is made between theoretical graph and practical graph, it shows that there is not much of the different in term of the shape of the graph. ,it shows that for all the modulating scheme, the higher the SNR the lower the BER (bit error rate).The same principal are apply to the symbol error rate(SER) vs SNR(figure 4.0(g)). For BER vs SNR, comparing the four different modulation schemes from the practical graph plotted, DPSK modulation scheme shows to have the worst bit error rate at any level of SNR, followed by QPSK and QAM having approximately similar bit error rate at any SNR level. The OQPSK tends to have the lowest bit error rate at any SNR level if compared to other modulation scheme, which is desired. The comparison is done by taking one fixed SNR level, for example, considering the SNR level of -2. The bit error rate of OQPSK falls approximately to 10-2, which is the smallest. The QAM and QPSK have bit error rate falls within the range of 110-1 to 510-1, slightly much higher than OQPSK. The DPSK has the highest bit error rate, which is above the range 110-1. 2dB Graph 4.0(h) illustrate symbol error rate (SER) versus signal to noise ratio (SNR) under the same condition for the four modulation scheme. The SER versus SNR curve has similar characteristic over the BER versus SNR curve, with OQPSK being in the best performance, followed by QPSK and QAM and DPSK having the worst performances. Low average power is achieved with a low overall system duty cycle. However, low duty cycle must be achieved with low peak power consumption during active periods because most of the target power sources have limited current sourcing capabilities and low terminal voltage, and it is not desired to implement with complex power conditioning systems for cost and efficiency reasons. At the physical layer, the need for low duty cycle yet low active power consumption implies the need for a high data rate (to finish active periods quickly and return to sleep), but a low symbol rate (because signal processing peak power consumption is more closely tied to the symbol rate than the data rate). Therefore, this implies the need for multilevel signalling (or m-ary signalling, with m > 2), in which multiple information bits are sent per transmitted symbol. However, simple multilevel signalling, such as 4-FSK, results in a loss of sensitivity. As can be seen from figure 4.0(h), OQPSK provides a 2-dB increasein sensitivity over nearest scheme (QAM). For modulating scheme with low sensitivity, there is a need to recover the needed link margin (i.e. range) without resorting to directive antennas, the transmitted power must be increased or the receiver noise figure must be reduced, both of which can increase power consumption significantly. 5.0 Conclusion In conclusion, IEEE 802.15.4 is still a new standard which has the potential to unify methods of data communication for sensors, actuators, appliances, asset tracking devices and so on. It offers the means to build a reliable and affordable network backbone that takes advantage of battery-powered devices communicating at low data rates. In addition the complexity and cost of the IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee-compliant devices are intended to be low. It can potentially create a whole new ecosystem of interconnected home appliances, light and climate control systems, and security and sensor sub-networks. In this respect, the implementation of the physical layer of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard must be optimized to meet the challenging low-cost and low-power targets. From the context above, various test and evaluation on the BER versus SNR curve and scatter plot for various scheme are done on physical layer of the ZigBee, the result shows that OQPSK is the most suitable modulating scheme which fit the ZigBee (2.4 GHz band) characteristic (low power consumption, high sensitivity, high reliability and low cost ). Thus it coincides with the actual standard for Zigbee. 6.0 References 1. Sensor Technology Handbook, Page 593 Section:  22. Wireless Sensor Networks: Principles and Applications Wilson, Jon S ISBN: 0750677295, Newnes, 2004 ZigBee Specification, ZigBee Alliance, Zigbee Document 053474r05 Version1.0, 2005-06-20 2.ZigBee and 802.15.4 Solutions -http://www.silabs.com/public/documents/marcom_doc/pbrief/Microcontrollers/en/ZigBee_Brief_Web.pdf 3.RF Circuit Design Theory and Applications, Reinhold Ludwig and Pavel Bretchko Pretince Hall, ISBN 0-13-095323-7 4. Zigbee Ready RF Design -http://rfdesign.com 5. Zigbee http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZigBee 6.Edgar H. Callaway, Jr., Wireless Sensor Networks. Boca Raton, FL: Auerbach Publications, 2003, Chap. 7. 7. chipcon,http://www.chipcon.com,2006-01 8. IEEE802.15.4 and ZigBee Compliant Radio Transceiver Design

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Cell Organelles

Nucleus: The nucleus is the most obvious organelle in any eukaryotic cell. It is enclosed in a double membrane and communicates with the surrounding cytosol via numerous nuclear pores. Within the nucleus is the DNA responsible for providing the cell with its unique characteristics. The DNA is similar in every cell of the body, but depending on the specific cell type, some genes may be turned on or off – that's why a liver cell is different from a muscle cell, and a muscle cell is different from a fat cell.When a cell is dividing, the nuclear chromatin (DNA and surrounding protein) condenses into chromosomes that are easily seen by microscopy. Nucleolus: The prominent structure in the nucleus is the nucleolus. The nucleolus produces ribosomes, which move out of the nucleus and take positions on the rough endoplasmic reticulum where they are critical in protein synthesis. Cytosol: The cytosol is the â€Å"soup† within which all the other cell organelles reside and where m ost of the cellular metabolism occurs.Though mostly water, the cytosol is full of proteins that control cell metabolism including signal transduction pathways, glycolysis, intracellular receptors, and transcription factors. Cytoplasm: This is a collective term for the cytosol plus the organelles suspended within the cytosol. Centrosome: The centrosome, or MICROTUBULE ORGANIZING CENTER (MTOC), is an area in the cell where microtubules are produced. Plant and animal cell centrosomes play similar roles in cell division, and both include collections of microtubules, but the plant cell centrosome is simpler and does not have centrioles.During animal cell division, the centrioles replicate (make new copies) and the centrosome divides. The result is two centrosomes, each with its own pair of centrioles. The two centrosomes move to opposite ends of the nucleus, and from each centrosome, microtubules grow into a â€Å"spindle† which is responsible for separating replicated chromosomes into the two daughter cells. Centriole  (animal cells only): Each centriole is a ring of nine groups of fused microtubules. There are three microtubules in each group.Microtubules (and centrioles) are part of the cytoskeleton. In the complete animal cell centrosome, the two centrioles are arranged such that one is perpendicular to the other. Golgi: The Golgi apparatus is a membrane-bound structure with a single membrane. It is actually a stack of membrane-bound vesicles that are important in packaging macromolecules for transport elsewhere in the cell. The stack of larger vesicles is surrounded by numerous smaller vesicles containing those packaged macromolecules.The enzymatic or hormonal contents of lysosomes, peroxisomes and secretory vesicles are packaged in membrane-bound vesicles at the periphery of the Golgi apparatus. Lysosome: Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes necessary for intracellular digestion. They are common in animal cells, but rare in plant cells. Hydrolytic en zymes of plant cells are more often found in the vacuole. Peroxisome: Peroxisomes are membrane-bound packets of oxidative enzymes. In plant cells, peroxisomes play a variety of roles including converting fatty acids to sugar and assisting chloroplasts in photorespiration.In animal cells, peroxisomes protect the cell from its own production of toxic hydrogen peroxide. As an example, white blood cells produce hydrogen peroxide to kill bacteria. The oxidative enzymes in peroxisomes break down the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. Secretory Vesicle: Cell secretions – e. g. hormones, neurotransmitters – are packaged in secretory vesicles at the Golgi apparatus. The secretory vesicles are then transported to the cell surface for release. Cell Membrane: Every cell is enclosed in a membrane, a double layer of phospholipids (lipid bilayer).The exposed heads of the bilayer are â€Å"hydrophilic† (water loving), meaning that they are compatible with water both withi n the cytosol and outside of the cell. However, the hidden tails of the phosopholipids are â€Å"hydrophobic† (water fearing), so the cell membrane acts as a protective barrier to the uncontrolled flow of water. Mitochondria: Mitochondria provide the energy a cell needs to move, divide, produce secretory products, contract – in short, they are the power centers of the cell. They are about the size of bacteria but may have different shapes depending on the cell type.Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles, and like the nucleus have a double membrane. The outer membrane is fairly smooth. But the inner membrane is highly convoluted, forming folds (cristae) as seen in the cross-section, above. The cristae greatly increase the inner membrane's surface area. It is on these cristae that food (sugar) is combined with oxygen to produce ATP – the primary energy source for the cell. Vacuole: A vacuole is a membrane-bound sac that plays roles in intracellular digestion a nd the release of cellular waste products.In animal cells, vacuoles are generally small. Vacuoles tend to be large in plant cells and play several roles: storing nutrients and waste products, helping increase cell size during growth, and even acting much like lysosomes of animal cells. The plant cell vacuole also regulates turgor pressure in the cell. Water collects in cell vacuoles, pressing outward against the cell wall and producing rigidity in the plant. Without sufficient water, turgor pressure drops and the plant wilts.Cell Wall  (plant cells only): Plant cells have a rigid, protective cell wall made up of polysaccharides. In higher plant cells, that polysaccharide is usually cellulose. The cell wall provides and maintains the shape of these cells and serves as a protective barrier. Fluid collects in the plant cell vacuole and pushes out against the cell wall. This turgor pressure is responsible for the crispness of fresh vegetables. Chloroplast  (plant cells only): Chloro plasts are specialized organelles found in all higher plant cells.These organelles contain the plant cell's chlorophyll responsible for the plant's green color. Chloroplasts have a double outer membrane. Within the stroma are other membrane structures – the thylakoids. Thylakoids appear in stacks called â€Å"grana† (singular = granum). Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Throughout the eukaryotic cell, especially those responsible for the production of hormones and other secretory products, is a vast network of membrane-bound vesicles and tubules called the endoplasmic reticulum, or ER for short.The ER is a continuation of the outer nuclear membrane and its varied functions suggest the complexity of the eukaryotic cell. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is so named because it appears smooth by electron microscopy. Smooth ER plays different functions depending on the specific cell type including lipid and steroid hormone synthesis, breakdown of lipid-soluble toxins in liver c ells, and control of calcium release in muscle cell contraction. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Rough endoplasmic reticulum appears â€Å"pebbled† by electron microscopy due to the presence of numerous ribosomes on its surface.Proteins synthesized on these ribosomes collect in the endoplasmic reticulum for transport throughout the cell. Ribosomes: Ribosomes are packets of RNA and protein that play a crucial role in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. They are the site of protein synthesis. Each ribosome comprises two parts, a large subunit and a small subunit. Messenger RNA from the cell nucleus is moved systematically along the ribosome where transfer RNA adds individual amino acid molecules to the lengthening protein chain.Cytoskeleton: As its name implies, the cytoskeleton helps to maintain cell shape. But the primary importance of the cytoskeleton is in cell motility. The internal movement of cell organelles, as well as cell locomotion and muscle fiber contraction could not take place without the cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton is an organized network of three primary protein filaments: – microtubules – actin filaments (microfilaments) – intermediate fibers

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Characterization of Curleys Wife Of Mice and Man

Curley’s wife has no name and seem to not be givien no importantance. As the only woman on the ranch, Curley’s wife is lonely and sad. In the novel they don't portray women in the best matters. They treat women with despite in the whole novel. Women seem to drive them mad and only bring trouble towards them. In curley's wife case she seem to be all those charactierisctics. She reminices of unhappiness in her marriage because her husband seems to care little for her, and is really more interested in talking about himself than anything else. Which seems like something she is impossible to intake. She is so self-obessed and loves to talk about her self whenever possible. She flirts deliberately with the ranch hands and does little to hide these flirtations from her husband. Knowingly causing the ranch hands to suffer Curley’s hot-headed, glove-wearing wrath. Even though she is a very pretty her attitude isn't close to it. She was very vulnerable always being seen and called a â€Å"tramp† and â€Å"tart† it must be hard to be her. Which is why I feel like she preys on weakness, it's the only time she feels empowered. She is always picking on Candy’s incapacitated age, the color of Crooks’s skin and Lennie's mental handicap. Curley’s wife, like Lennie, has no ability to self-evaluate. Unlike Lennie, she doesn’t have the excuse of being mentally slow. She is a women who thinks of more than her surroundings has a dream even though she's deeply dissatified with her life. Curley’s wife likes to talk about her lost opportunities. She always tells about her encounter with a traveling actor who told her she could join their show. Also likes to talk about how she got an offer to go to Hollywood but swears on her life that her mother stole the letter. She would never realize that men weren’t really interested in her talent at all. She’s just self-obsessed, and unable to judge herself and her position honestly.  It is not coincidental that she ends up losing her life because she didn’t want Lennie to mess up her hair.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Free Essays on My Grandmother

My Grandmother My grandmother’s appearance is frightful. Her hunched stature and her constant shaking would frighten any child. Her nappy black hair that lay placid in front of her pale blue eyes would at times seem to not have been washed for years. She’s a small, stocky old lady who sat lifeless at any dinner table. My grandmother appeared to me as a wretched monster. By her appearance anyone could see she was a very unkempt person. The random food stains on her ancient dresses, and her disregard for the conditions her house was in were just the beginning to her despicable state. As a child I would offer my help to clean her house when I would go see her about twice a year, but she would decline in a rudely manner, yelling,† Don’t you touch a thing, you’ll just screw everything up!† Relieved with her answer, I would walk away ignoring her insultations. I was looking forward only to the long awaited car ride home. I had a dominant distaste for my grandmother. Throughout my life I have received no love from that woman. She has never given anyone a chance to love her. Since I was little boy, I was brought up not to like my grandmother because she hated my mom for the fact that my mom married my father. As a child, I did not notice the negative actions that grownups had on other people until I was old enough to understand them. When I was six years old, I remember the whole family going to pay a visit to my grandmother. Being a kid I would have rather sat inside playing Nintendo, but really did not give much thought about going to the house of the grandmother I never saw. It was a beautiful day out and everyone seemed a false sort of happiness. As my grandmother opened the door, she seemed to tackle my father telling him how much she missed him. I remember this day so well because my grandmother didn’t even take a second to greet her daughter-in-law or her three grandchildren. That very next ... Free Essays on My Grandmother Free Essays on My Grandmother My Grandmother My grandmother’s appearance is frightful. Her hunched stature and her constant shaking would frighten any child. Her nappy black hair that lay placid in front of her pale blue eyes would at times seem to not have been washed for years. She’s a small, stocky old lady who sat lifeless at any dinner table. My grandmother appeared to me as a wretched monster. By her appearance anyone could see she was a very unkempt person. The random food stains on her ancient dresses, and her disregard for the conditions her house was in were just the beginning to her despicable state. As a child I would offer my help to clean her house when I would go see her about twice a year, but she would decline in a rudely manner, yelling,† Don’t you touch a thing, you’ll just screw everything up!† Relieved with her answer, I would walk away ignoring her insultations. I was looking forward only to the long awaited car ride home. I had a dominant distaste for my grandmother. Throughout my life I have received no love from that woman. She has never given anyone a chance to love her. Since I was little boy, I was brought up not to like my grandmother because she hated my mom for the fact that my mom married my father. As a child, I did not notice the negative actions that grownups had on other people until I was old enough to understand them. When I was six years old, I remember the whole family going to pay a visit to my grandmother. Being a kid I would have rather sat inside playing Nintendo, but really did not give much thought about going to the house of the grandmother I never saw. It was a beautiful day out and everyone seemed a false sort of happiness. As my grandmother opened the door, she seemed to tackle my father telling him how much she missed him. I remember this day so well because my grandmother didn’t even take a second to greet her daughter-in-law or her three grandchildren. That very next ...

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Tendering and Procurement in the Construction Industry

Tendering and Procurement in the Construction Industry The Issue of Project Collaborating in Construction Construction companies sometimes encounter excess commitments and since they work in partnership with other companies, they occasionally opt to work in collaborative construction contracts (Manuel 2014).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Tendering and Procurement in the Construction Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Collaborative construction contracts are forms of building arrangements and agreements or other forms of mechanisms that allow the involvement of companies to work together in a single project. Whereas the collaborative construction contracts may prove significant especially when contractors are dealing with mega construction projects that require skill combination and timely completion, they are sometimes challenging. According to Manuel (2014), such project partnerships or collaborations act as effective strategies of managing project risks and c ompleting the projects within the stipulated timeframe. Companies that engage in collaborative construction contracts normally possess the aim of achieving the common goal of ensuring an effective project execution (Manuel 2014). Nonetheless, the arrangements for the collaborative construction contracts have often been doubtable and the achievement of the common goal often proves impossible. Construction contracting is normally a complex process that requires trust building among the parties due to time, project quality, and financial issues (Mead 2007). Projects undertaken through collaborative construction contracts have regularly attracted economic, legal, trust and accountability disputes (Osipova Aleberger 2007). Such scandals between the partnering companies have reduced the adoption of the collaborative contracts across the world.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In most circumstances that involve collaborative contacting, there is normally no guarantee about the successful completion of the construction projects, the quality of the final project, or the responsibility of taking the construction risks among the project partners (Osipova Aleberger 2007). The complex nature of the collaborative construction contracts also poses the issues of mistrust, and the scandals concerning the accountability of the parties involved in the contract agreements. Companies have reported several procurement cases concerning the ambiguities in the partnered projects and the lack of accountability between the members. Issues of Trust and Accountability Maintaining trust and accountability in the collaborative construction contracts has been a prevalent menace to the employers, the contractors, and the subcontractors (Mead 2007). It has remained to be a legal fact whether parties to a commercial contract have confined themselves to any written contract. The construction law often assumes that whether the written contract existed or not, there was or should have been some form of agreement reached between the construction parties. Additionally, most of the collaborative construction agreements rely on the unprofessional terms of voluntary arrangements, mutual trust, good faith, and mutual beneficence (Mead 2007). Building the trust and following the complex parameters of the framework agreements are challenging tasks. In the 1990s, when the British Petroleum Company wanted to reduce the costs associated with project construction, several challenges pertaining to trust, construction costs, time efficiency and the quality of the completed projects emanated (Mead 2007). The first controversy was the Andrew Field Project.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Tendering and Procurement in the Construction Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first scandal that emerge d in the Andrew Field Project was mistrust. This showcase trial project was a successful deal, although trust between the members took a long time to prevail. British Petroleum wanted to prove how collaborative projects could be cost effective, time efficient, and successful with minimal efforts (Mead 2007). The first case of mistrust began with the initial process of tendering because the company subjected the contractors to a competitive bidding process. Due to the rigorous process of bidding, almost a third of the contractors pulled out because they suspected that the company worked with biasness (Mead 2007). After a successful bidding process, the BP project manager, John Martin was oblivious about the estimated amount for the construction. The contractor estimated the total cost to about 373 million sterling pounds, but the actual cost went down to 320 million sterling pounds (Mead 2007). To be contented with the deal, John Martin had to hire external auditors. Ambiguities of C ontractual Terms Budget Compliance Collaborative contracts in the construction sector might sometimes turn out to be unsuccessful because construction partnerships often evolve in complex situations, their parameters are often unclear, and there exist a lot of mistrust between the project owners, the contractors, and the subcontractors. According to Osipova and Aleberger (2007), collaborative contracts are normally unclear at their beginning, and one of the parties often tends to breach the agreements due to the nature of the unstable contracts. One of the controversial construction cases in partnered projects was the maintenance of Danish Main Roads. The Danish Directorate of Roads has the responsibility of managing about 3800 km of the Danish main roads. In 2003, the institution entered into a partnering agreement with three other companies to manage and maintain the Danish roads (Mead 2007).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The contracts involved agreements that ranged between 200 thousand sterling pounds to 6 million sterling pounds. In total, the projects amounted to over 20 million sterling pounds. Although the partnering agreement managed to record some significant cost reductions in the first three years, 3%, 6%, and 4.5% correspondingly, the contractors complained about excessive wastage of time and financial resources (Mead 2007). In a separate auditing report done by independent auditors, the company seemed to have used more resources in the planning and implementation of the project (Mead 2007). During the process of negotiating the terms and conditions of the agreements involved in the partnership, the company took the contractors through strenuous and time consuming consensuses, meetings, public procurement regulations and other strict procedures (Mead 2007). Given that the project was under three collaborating companies, the time and resources used to go through the various agreement proces ses, made the project seem tricky and costly to some of the constructors. According to the independent auditing firm, several other expenses went unaudited and the estimated improvements were therefore untrue. Issues Pertaining to the Project Quality In collaborative construction contracts, the issue pertaining to the quality of the project is often a disputable concept. Collaborative projects comprise agreements between several contractors, suppliers, and other construction agencies (Manuel 2015). Managing the quality of the project to meet the expected design standards and the project requirements is often a challenging factor because different construction companies have different ways of enhancing the quality of the projects assigned to them (Manuel 2015). In the process of trying to beat the given deadlines and work within the provided budgets, some contractors may work with constrained finances to make considerable financial savings. In April 2013, the Bangladesh government fa ced a challenging task of unraveling the causes of a collapsed building that caused serious fatalities amongst some civilians (Manuel 2015). Three different contractors had collaborated to construct an eight-story building at the capital city of Bangladesh, Dhaka. Thought to be a mysterious tragedy, the government launched an investigation to determine the causes of the collapse. The first insight from the government officials revealed that the building had collapsed due to several construction lapses that the joint constructors caused. The contractors used shoddy construction methods to avoid some government levies that come from the construction permits (Manuel 2015). A government civil engineering expert known as Henri Gavin established that the partnering contractors had wanted to ensure a quick start of the project. This meant that they had to use substandard material, poor construction methods, and fake tendering of the materials to reach their first construction targets (Manu el 2015). In a report, Henri Gavin revealed that the contractors developed an uneven footing and had a poor following of the project plan. They used unstable reinforcing steel, little concrete and several other substandard materials to fight against time and the construction cost (Manuel 2015). The contractors hired in this project used an illegal tendering process to acquire materials that would kick-start the project before the government could discover their deal. The Concept of Framework Contracting Constructors sometimes engage in long term contracts due to the arrangements made based on their performance with the employers (Glover 2007). A framework contract is a form of a constructional agreement that entails a long-term procurement plan with the clients to secure the construction service of quality contractors or reliable suppliers through ensuring them a stable supply of jobs in future. According to Glover (2007, p. 1), â€Å"the Framework agreement, often known as an umbr ella agreement, is an agreement, which is reached between two parties to cover a long-term collaborative arrangement.† Contractors engage in framework contracts during the low seasons in the construction industry. According to Glover (2007), when the scarcity of the construction jobs is over and the jobs have reemerged, the constructors compete veraciously for construction jobs available in the market. The implications arise due to the long-term procurement strategies because contractors would often feel that the framework agreements have restricted them from winning better tenders. Terms of Termination and Scandals Involved A constant issue that arises in the framework contracts that involve long-term agreement in the supply of products and services in the construction deals is the terms of terminating the framework arrangements. According to Glover (2007), when the contractors feel that, the construction jobs have reemerged in plenty and the moment of unemployment is over, t hey often way the benefits of remaining within the framed arrangements and the benefits of searching for other new tenders. It is often uneasy because one of the parties will often feel disadvantaged and disappointment with the withdrawal of the disagreeing partner or the insistence of the other partner to commence the framework (Glover 2007). Framework agreements do not normally have a fixed duration of existence and in legal terms, both parties must abide to the durational conditions. In normal circumstances, parties can often terminate the framework agreement at any time, at their own will, and within their terms of agreement. Claims of wrongful termination, loss of contract profit, and waste of time in the framework agreement have been persistent in many cases. While engaging in framework agreements, the parties must always observe and uphold the stipulations of the JCT Framework Agreement that governs public and private sector framework procurements (Sakal 2005). According to C lause 22 of the JCT Framework Agreement, that controls the termination of frameworks, â€Å"no task with duration of more than 12 months is to be instructed in the final 3 months before the framework end date† (Glover 2007, p. 8). Such a section protects the parties from engaging in long-term relationship and commitments that are non-beneficial. The section states that either of the parties can terminate the agreement through a one-month notice the last month of the framework contract ends (Glover 2007). Cases involving uninformed, untimely, and ill-motivated terminations have often struck the efficiency of the framework agreements. Unmet Promises supply of future work Although the companies that procure contractors on framework contracts believe that they have the ability to continue providing their clients with a steady supply of future work, sometimes their promises turn out unachievable. Glover (2007) explains that contractors at this moment find themselves losing importa nt tenders, contract profits, and waste time needed to engage in new contracts with stable companies. Therefore, they often prefer to quit the framework contract. In a Northern Ireland case, a contractor lost profits and made him feel underprivileged to lose a framework contract. However, those who stay in a unprofitable frameworks miss the chances of securing some important tenders that present themselves in the market during the period of the long-term procurement engagement (Sakal 2005). This is because the contractor would possibly lose the promised benefits of future work and other privileges that were to accompany the long-term procurement strategy. A failure of the employer to make genuine promises becomes a legal dispute because the contractor would always want compensations concerning the time wasted in the abortive framework agreement. False promises in the frameworks contracts are prevalent and making legal and ethical claims exists among the involved parties. According t o Glover (2007, p.13), â€Å"the ability to make claims for loss of chance or loss of receiving is difficult because a claimant must establish on the balance of probability that there is some link between the defendant’s negligence and the claimant’s loss.† False promises contravene the principles of good faith in the framework contracts and override the requirements of transparency in the endorsement of the construction contracts (Sakal 2005). As witnessed in some framework cases, unless there are verifiable facts that the employer made some promises in the framework agreement, the courts can rarely assist the contractors to get their payments concerning the promised future benefits. In case of a legal issue, Glover (2007) argues that unless the defendant agrees that there existed some promises in the framework agreement; the contractor will often remain to be a loser in the construction deal and in the profit claims. The Problem of the Unforeseen Uncertainties Sometimes constructions face enormous challenges such as collapses or destructions that result from the natural catastrophes and other uncertainties. Uncertainties are normally unpredictable and unforeseen (Osipova Aleberger 2007). Constructors serving in a framework contract that faces such challenges normally feel frustrated and would often want to terminate the framework arrangements made in the construction contract. When perhaps the employer failed to insure the project, contractors in that framework agreement will often incur considerable financial losses. According to Glover (2007 p. 13), â€Å"where the quantification of the claimant’s loss depends on future uncertain events, the loss has to be determined on the court’s assessment of that risk materializing.† Uncertain events such as the natural calamities are often unforeseen and setting up a claim for any form of compensation due to the damages is normally a challenging issue for the both parties. Pr oblems in framework agreement Framework agreements have never missed scandals due to the issues of fairness, equality, financial losses, project quality, and mistrust in the provision and arrangements of framework tenders (Burnnet Wampler 2003). One of the controversial cases that marked a series of arguments is the case of Henry and the Department of Education in Northern Ireland. Henry Bros as a contractor engaged in a framework contract with the Department of Education of Northern Ireland. Henry complained that the construction contract was inappropriate in its contracting agreements (Burnnet Wampler 2003). Henry Bros disputable about the framework agreement when he presented the legal claim based on the foundations of the 2006 Procurement Regulations of Northern Ireland. By awarding a construction tender to Henry without following the basic standards of tendering a construction process, the high court of Northern Ireland considered it illegal because the Department of Educatio n for Northern Ireland seemed to have breached the Procurement Regulations of 2006. Another similar case to that of the Northern Ireland contractor and a school department is the 2003 public procurement case that involved the New South Wales vs. the Austeel Pty Ltd (Burnnet Wampler 2003). The New Wales sub national government, which was the defendant, had entered into a framework agreement with Austeel Pty Limited to construct a large steel plant around the city of Newcastle (Burnnet Wampler 2003). The scope of the construction contract and the terms of the contract were extremely diverse and consisted several parameters of contract agreements pertaining to urban planning and designing. The government disputed the construction progress because certain processes of the deal were disputable because they failed to follow a certain dispute resolution framework. The government was unsure about the continual performance of the contractor, was not sure about the entire tendering process, and was not even sure amount the possible amount that the project could not exceed. The government feared to lose money and waste time. The Concepts of Risk Allocation and Commercial Balance The risks of engaging in construction contracts are extensive even in the concepts of risk allocation and commercial balance (Sakal 2005). Sometimes the employers would want to dominate the ultimate results of the projects and the issues of time certainty through using fixed costs, may sometimes be unrealistic in a construction project (Mead 2007). Such concerns explain the reason as to why it is significant to determine risk allocation and commercial balance during the process of entering into a construction agreement to avoid time and money losses. In most circumstances, financial issues and risk management are some of the major concerns that arise in a construction contract due to the complex nature of materializing the project and the presence of some unprecedented risks (Mead 2007). Using fixed costs in a construction project has become an issue for the contractors because of the nature of the fluctuating prices of building materials and the nature of framework contracts. Since the construction risks are diverse and often unforeseeable, when the employers seek to control, the ultimate results of the project and at the same time maintain time certainty and fixed costs, the constructor will be vulnerable to most risks (Mead 2007). When the employers tends to control the three major factors of determining the management of risks, there is often a likelihood that the project is financially impracticable, the site of the project is dubious, the insurance systems on the project are incompetent, the construction material is fake and illegal, the authority approvals are unmet, or the land possession is suspicious. Working in a dynamic environment where contractors have little say on the socioeconomic issues also places them in a quandary when the employer tends to force a fi xed pricing on the construction (Sakal 2005). Such scenarios have occurred persistently in several construction cases and required the intervention of the court to resolve the imminent disputes. Allocation of Risks in a Construction Project Risk is normally an inevitable aspect in a construction and both the employer and the constructor always wish that risks never befell them. According to Glover (2007 p. 3), â€Å"on each project-specific underlying contract, remember it will still be necessary to consider the scope of work and/or services, allocation of risk, completion date, price and payment particular to that project.† Most risks are unforeseeable and both parties can never determine the occurrence of a risk at any point of the construction process. It is very vital for the contractors to analyze the aspects of risk allocation due to several unforeseeable issues that may affect their contractual agreements (Osipova Aleberger 2007). Assessment of risk allocation in a co nstruction projects makes the contractors aware of the unreasonable excuses and manipulations that the employers can cause in a construction deal. Knowing the risks associated with a construction contract such as the risks of project financing, discrepancies, and omissions helps the contractors to assess the contracts. Commercial Balance in a Construction Contract The construction sector often experiences challenges of market fluctuations in the procurement processes and especially in the procurement of the construction materials, whose prices change occasionally (Glover 2007). As witnessed in the above cases, working on a fixed budget from poor estimation made by the employer puts the contractor at risks of encountering the risks of material shortages, shortage of hiring skilled workers, and shortage of hiring some construction related services such as transportations. Such shortages significantly expose the contractors at risks of settling claims related to inadequate designing of the intended project, incompletion of the assigned project, and poor selection of the construction material (Manuel 2014). According to Glover (2007), contractors must understand principles of agreeing to certain standards of projects to ensure that cost estimations take into account the issues related to the price and quantity of the project. Therefore, on risks associated with fixed costs, the contractors must analyze the financial feasibility, the budgetary allocation, and the market prices. Time Certainty in a Construction Contract Time is a considerable factor when it comes to construction of projects that require quick completion (Darrington Lichtig 2010). As witnessed in many construction cases, when the employer tends to control the aspects of time related to the completion of a project, there is normally a high likelihood that the contractor may encounter some serious time implications (Manuel 2014). In a scenario where the employer tends to control the aspects of time an d budget, the contractor will likely fall short of the expectations of the employer concerning the quality of the project or the state of the project, the poor designing of the project, inappropriate construction standards, and delayed progress of the project (Darrington Lichtig 2010). Contractors would often want to work on low budgets and make some considerable profits from the construction projects. Manuel (2014) states that because some natural occurrences may delay the construction project; contractors should often assess the constructional costs and the time certainty issues. Scandals Associated with Fixed Cost Projects One of the controversial cases that pertain to risk allocation and commercial balance is the 2009 case of the family of Godbold and Mr. Camilleri who was a local contractor. The case entailed a fixed-price construction contract of $363,446 between the constructor, Mr. Camilleri, and Mr. and Mrs. Godbold (Darrington Lichtig 2010). The project was a constructio n of a personal house, which the employers promised on pay on eight installments depending on the progress of the construction. Due to the dynamism of the construction market and the related market fluctuations, Mr. Camilleri found himself in financial difficulties and opted to request for more money from the project owners (Darrington Lichtig 2010). Mr. and Mrs. Godbold continued to pay the installments based on the progress of the construction, but remained reluctant to answer the request of Mr. Camilleri concerning the increment of the construction funds. When Mr. Camilleri informed the owners that the project would probably take another $163,523.03 to complete, they terminated the deal. Mr. Camilleri left the house unfinished due to financial constraints and time limitations. The house project finally ended on a sum of $44,157.23 through different contractors (Darrington Lichtig 2010). However, the contractors who completed the construction project were unable to complete the house in accordance with the design and quality expectations. The increased cost of completing the house, made the Godbold family to limit their efforts in completing the project, rather than getting the best out of the expected design (Darrington Lichtig 2010). Although the case went to the court and the court could not ascertain the level of the unprofessionalism of the constructor in underestimating the cost of the construction project. This was due to the reason that there was no evidence about a complaint concerning a defective building work, Mr. and Mrs. Godbold (Darrington Lichtig 2010). The court requested the defendant to pay complainant a sum of $44,157.23 as compensation based on the stipulations of the statutory home warranty scheme. Such a scenario explains that the projects assigned to the contractors on fixed costs normally have the likelihood of facing financial instabilities (Darrington Lichtig 2010). Projects carried out on fixed costs normally put the contracto rs at risks of constructing substandard projects, because the contractors, like in the case of Mr. Camilleri, fail to balance the commercial factors and the expected quality of the project (Darrington Lichtig 2010). The case of the two parties reveal the manner in which fixed cost projects are risky engagements for the contractors especially when one considers the persistent changes in the prices of the materials, the services of other builders, and other costs related to construction (Darrington Lichtig 2010). The scope of construction normally shifts from the intention of constructing highly standard projects, to the aim of ensuring that the project meets the standards of the estimated costs and the financial parameters provided by the employer. References Burnnet, J Wampler, B 2003, ‘Unit Price Contracts: A practical Framework for Determining Competitive Bid Price’, The Journal of Applied Business Research, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 63-72. Darrington, J Lichtig, W 2010 , ‘Rethinking the â€Å"G† in GMP: Why Estimated Maximum Price Contracts Make Sense on Collaborative Projects’, The Construction Lawyer, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 1-12. Glover, J 2007, Framework Agreements: Practice and Pitfalls, fenwickelliott.com/ Manuel, K 2014, Legal Protections for Subcontractors on Federal Prime Contracts, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41230.pdf Mead, P 2007, Current Trends in Risk Allocation in Construction Projects and Their Implications for Industry Participants’, Construction Law Journal, vol. 23, no, 1, pp. 23-45. Osipova, E Aleberger, L 2007, Risk management in different Forms of Contract and collaboration- Case of Sweden, irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB4894.pdf Sakal, M 2005, ‘Project Alliancing: A rational Contracting Mechanism for Dynamic Contracts’, Lean Construction Journal, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 67-79.

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Family Reunion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Family Reunion - Essay Example Stepping out of the car, I could see many faces, which were familiar, even though I was unable to remember the names so as to match the faces. People were mingling and probably conversing about their daily lives and their kids. Some seemed to be gossiping already. At last, the family reunion was here with us, and whether I looked forward to being here for the next one week or not, I had to get the best out of it. Inside the house, I could notice that all the doors and windows were crystal clear. A smell of fresh bed sheets and chlorine filled the air. Someone had done a commendable job in cleaning. Most of the adults talked between themselves while the children played. By this time, I had not realized that my ancestors were beneficial since I had not paid keen attention when the adults spoke. I had always wondered how my forefathers ended up in this small town in Wisconsin anyway. I decided to engage my grandfather on this topic, and I must admit that I was shocked by what I discover ed. He showed me an old picture of a man who I came to understand was the Czar of Finland, who according to my grandfather is my distant relative. My great grandfather came from Kuvlax, Finland. He was born in 1840. When he was twenty three, the Czar of Russia, Alexander I, appointed him to be the Chief Magistrate of Jacodstad. This was after Russia invaded Finland. Jacobstad used to be the second biggest city in Finland. His appointment was so as to keep the Russian’s and Finish in line. His post was the equivalent of the country’s chief of police. He later got married to a Pasalm University of Sweden graduate. They had four sons all of whom remained in Finland until their father, the Chief Magistrate, died. Poverty forced the four brothers and their mother to immigrate to the United States on September 30th, 1908. The mother and four sons settled in a small town in Wisconsin named Medford. Their house still stands up to date. One of my great uncles jokes that it has not changed any bit, only the paint has. The four brothers remained in Wisconsin state. According to my great aunt, the family experienced a few real hardships in Medford even though they were forced abandon the royal lifestyle for an average lifestyle. To support themselves, the family established a shoe making business. My great-grandfather was a craftsman in this job who retired late during his life. I met him when I was a child and although I barely remember him, he is very significant in my family history, and the same thing applies to the city of Medford, Wisconsin. Medford is not only important to me by being a home to my forefathers, but also the city’s progressive community is something which everyone wants to associate with. During my one week stay, I took my time to tour around the city and learn a few things. The city is an industrial hub within the surrounding communities. Medford provides over six thousand, seven hundred jobs in a community with a population of four thousand, four hundred people. This translates to abundance of jobs for the city residents, a phenomenon which is not common. This family reunion was characterized by late breakfasts early evening dinners or afternoon luncheons. Later in the evening people would listen to music, poetry reading, songs, recitals of history and reminiscing, honorary recognitions, educational achievements and community contributions. The older family members seemed to only highlight the family’

Friday, November 1, 2019

Loss of Biodiversity Due to Pollution Research Paper

Loss of Biodiversity Due to Pollution - Research Paper Example The Gulf of Mexico is opulent in biodiversity and exceptional habitats, and hosts the solitary recognized nesting shoreline of Kemp’s Ridley, the world’s rare sea turtle. It has an interesting circulation array which stretches it organic and socioeconomic significance; water from the Caribbean come into commencing the south over the Yucatan Channel amid Cuba and Mexico and, after warming up in the basin, goes out over the northern Florida Canal amid the United States and Cuba to produce the Gulf River in the North Atlantic that assists to standardize the macroclimate of the western Europe. Creeks and bays are public along Gulf seashores with other reefs, sea grasses, and coastal wetlands, principally Spartina alterniflora, usual in the north, and certain oyster’s ridges, native to national sea greenswards, and mangrove forests in the south. Off shore, coral ridges are conjoint in several areas in the southern Gulf, alongside northwest Cuba, beside Florida Keys, and one district off Texas. Creatures that call Gulf of Mexico home vary from infinitesimal to gigantic. (Day, 2013). Gulf Oil Spill Gulf oil spill is acknowledged as the nastiest spill in the account of United States. Inhabitants from the Gulf of Mexico echo that, tallies of fish, mantra rays, sharks, dolphins and sea turtles are escaping the spirals of oil and cleaners to the trivial waters off the coasts of Alabama and Florida. Marine biologists suggest that these animals feel the adjustment in water chemistry and attempt to drip the polluted water dead zones by swimming in the direction of the oxygen rich shallows (National Research Council, 2012). Immediate Impact Under normal Gulf season, death is expected during laying and nesting period (Marion, 2011). The oil spills instantaneously endangered brown pelican, the egrets, the laughing gulls and other shore and migrant birds, beached with greased fuzz as they strained to rear their young nestlings. Their fledglings faced and still face an indeterminate future, as they begin their expedition on infested water. Dead and vanishing sea creatures still attempt to leak from the oxygen depreciated water, because of methane gas from the oil, which depletes oxygen at a very high speed, as illustrated in the pictures below (Benn & Bolton, 2011). Physical Effects Physical effects comprise of demise by asphyxia, with oil hindering air openings or gills. By numbing sensual organs, oil upsets creatures’ ability to discover food or sense predators. Many birds and other inhabitants succumbed to death as a consequence of hypothermia, bec ause oil led to lessening of the protecting effect of plumages and fur. Since the oil spill, crabs have been documented hiking out of water, as a toxic gleam approaches the shoreline. During morning hours, they are observed floating stomach up in the water, in a bid to get more oxygen. Nevertheless, the air they inhale is loaded with chemicals blowing up from the water (National Research Council, 2012). Impact of the oil spill on coral reefs presents unique physical conditions. This is because healthy coral reefs are amongst the most organically assorted and economically treasured ecologies on earth, providing vital ecosystem services. They are a foundation of nourishment for millions, guard seashores from storms and corrosion, offer habitation, procreating and nursery lands for economically essential fish species, offer businesses and revenue to local economies from angling, leisure, and tourism, are a basis of treatments, and hotspots for aquatic multiplicity. Immediate spill resu lted to death of some corals, leading to subsequent smothering and sinking of them. Over time, reduction of photosynthesis, development and reproduction has been documented. Regardless of this, the extent of coral reef damage unswervingly attributable to the Gulf Spill has remained unusually minor (Marion, 2011). Toxic effects Skin ulcerations, destruction to the spleen, liver, lungs and