Douglas Monroys Thrown Among Strangers: The Making of Mexican Culture

Douglas Monroys Thr knowledge Among Strangers The do of Mexican Culture in confines California When Spaniards colonized California, they invaded the native Indians with foreign worldviews, weapons, and diseases. The distinct regional husbandry that resulted from this union in turn found itself invaded by Anglo-Americans with their peculiar social, legal, and economic ideals. Claiming that differences among these cultures could non be reconciled, Douglas Monroy traces the historical interaction among them in impel Among Strangers The Making of Mexican Culture in Frontier California. Beginning with the missions and ending in the late 1800s, he employs relations of production and wear demands as a framework to pardon the domination of some groups and the decay of others and concludes with the notion that ?California would have been, and would be today, a different place indeed if people had done more of their own work.?(276) While this supposition may be true, its economic determinism undermines other important factors on which he eloquently elaborates, such as religion and lawfulness. Ironically, in his rendering of native Californian culture, Monroy becomes victim of the same creation of the ?other? for which he chastises Spanish and Anglo cultures. His unconvincing arguments about Indian life and his reductive adherence to labor analysis ultimately detract from his work however, he successfully provokes the reader to look for the complexities and contradictions of a particular historical era.In the first section, Monroy describes the Indian and the Iberian cultures and illustrates the role each played during missionization, as the Indians adapted ?to the demands of Iberian imperialism.?(5) He stresses the differen... ...ough his lecture refer to historical sources, they also apply to Douglas Monroy himself. Unveiling the intricacies of cultural interactions is a difficult task, and Monroy successfully reveals many of the complexities and c ontradictions of historical writing. However, he does not escape the tendency to create homogenous ?others.? Portions of his book, such as the treatment of Indians at the mission, be questionable. Although he maintains that his underlying theme is labor relations, the depth with which he writes about law and society seem to dictate a more holistic analysis. wear out relations among conflicting cultures may create history, but believing that history does not create labor relations seems unconvincingly economically determinist.Works CitedMonroy, Douglas. Thrown Among Strangers The Making of Mexican Culture in Frontier California . 1990. Douglas Monroys Thrown Among Strangers The Making of Mexican CultureDouglas Monroys Thrown Among Strangers The Making of Mexican Culture in Frontier California When Spaniards colonized California, they invaded the native Indians with foreign worldviews, weapons, and diseases. The distinct regional culture that resulted from thi s union in turn found itself invaded by Anglo-Americans with their peculiar social, legal, and economic ideals. Claiming that differences among these cultures could not be reconciled, Douglas Monroy traces the historical interaction among them in Thrown Among Strangers The Making of Mexican Culture in Frontier California. Beginning with the missions and ending in the late 1800s, he employs relations of production and labor demands as a framework to explain the domination of some groups and the decay of others and concludes with the notion that ?California would have been, and would be today, a different place indeed if people had done more of their own work.?(276) While this supposition may be true, its economic determinism undermines other important factors on which he eloquently elaborates, such as religion and law. Ironically, in his description of native Californian culture, Monroy becomes victim of the same creation of the ?other? for which he chastises Spanish and Anglo c ultures. His unconvincing arguments about Indian life and his reductive adherence to labor analysis ultimately detract from his work however, he successfully provokes the reader to explore the complexities and contradictions of a particular historical era.In the first section, Monroy describes the Indian and the Iberian cultures and illustrates the role each played during missionization, as the Indians adapted ?to the demands of Iberian imperialism.?(5) He stresses the differen... ...ough his words refer to historical sources, they also apply to Douglas Monroy himself. Unveiling the intricacies of cultural interactions is a difficult task, and Monroy successfully reveals many of the complexities and contradictions of historical writing. However, he does not escape the tendency to create homogenous ?others.? Portions of his book, such as the treatment of Indians at the mission, are questionable. Although he maintains that his underlying theme is labor relations, the depth with which he writes about law and society seem to dictate a more holistic analysis. Labor relations among conflicting cultures may create history, but believing that history does not create labor relations seems unconvincingly economically determinist.Works CitedMonroy, Douglas. Thrown Among Strangers The Making of Mexican Culture in Frontier California . 1990.

The Economics of Despair :: essays research papers

Since the late 1970s, social science researchers, the media, private foundations, and policymakers have say considerable attention to the labor market chores of four-year-old adults and their families. Most of this attention has focused on high school dropouts, the poor, minorities, and inner-city youth. But an equally troublingand broaderproblem has received comparatively less notice the steep and sustained decline since 1973 in the real (inflation-adjusted) earnings of young men and women generally. Even adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, the labor market problems of young workers are disproportionately severethey include higher than average unemployment and relatively low earnings when employed. This sustained drop in earnings has been especially dramatic for young adults with no postsecondary school education. Most proposed remedies have emphasized the quality of the labor supply. But improving education and training, composition often worthwhile an d necessary, is not by itself sufficient to raise earnings. If this downward trend, which has persisted through recession and recovery alike, is to be reversed, then policymakers and educators must address the pick up side as well as the supply side. Raising young adult wages will require not only better academic performance, training, apprenticeships, and school-to-work programs, but also replete(p)-employment policies, changes in the configuration of jobs and careers, and larger young adult union membership. Prior to 1973, the annual and weekly earnings of both young adults and fourth-year workers had been improving markedly. Between 1967 (the year the Bureau of Labor Statistics began tracking weekly earnings of wage and salary workers) and 1973, the real median weekly earnings of 16- to 24-year-olds rosaceous by approx i mately 8 percent. Since 1973, however, the earnings of young adults have fallen almost continuously. Between 1973 and 1979, the weekly earnings of young men working full time fell by 7 percent. Young men experienced a 19 percent decline in earnings (a real take account of $72 per week) between 1979 and 1989. This decline cannot be attributed solely to business cycle contractions. About half of the 19 percent decline did take place during the recessionary period of 1979-1982. But between 1982 and 1989, a period of strong overall job growth, the weekly earnings of young men fell by another(prenominal) $33, or 9 percent. Earnings declined still more between 1989 and 1994, dropping yet another 9 percent. The result of all this decline? A young man under 25 years of age employed full time in 1994 earned 31 percent less per week than what his same-aged facsimile earned in 1973.

Microsoft And Windows Competitors :: essays research papers

A lot of plenty today, mostly microsofties, argue that Microsoft should not be split up since it isnt really a monopoly Windows has a lot of competitors out there and both(prenominal) of the companies that operate them argon even bigger than Microsoft. And that is actually quite true Microsoft has only about 6% of the orbiculate software program market and only 3% of the global estimator market overall. There are several computer companies that make more than Microsoft, like Sun Micro dodges and Compaq and there are at least club other operating systems besides Windows, some of which you could even get for free.After three decades of use, the UNIX computer operating system from Bell Labs is still regarded as unrivaled of the most powerful, versatile, and flexible operating systems (OS) in the computer world. Its popularity is due to many factors, including its ability to run a wide variety of machines, from micros to supercomputers, and its portability -- all of which led t o its espousal by many manufacturers.The UNIX operating system was designed to let a number of programmers access the computer at the same time and share its resources. enchantment initially meant for medium-sized computers, the system was soon travel to larger, more powerful mainframe computers. As personal computers grew in popularity, versions of UNIX found their way into these boxes, and a number of companies suffer UNIX-based machines for the scientific and programming communities.A study contribution of the UNIX system was its portability, permitting it to move from one brand of computer to another with a minimum of code changes. At a time when different computer lines of the same vendor didnt talk to each other -- yet alone machines of multiple vendors -- that meant a great nest egg in both hardware and software upgrades. It also meant that the operating system could be upgraded without having all the customers data inputted again. And new versions of UNIX were backward compatible with older versions, devising it easier for companies to upgrade in an orderly manner.UNIX comes with hundreds of programs that mass be divided into two classes integral utilities that are absolutely necessary for the operation of the computer, such as the mastery interpreter, and tools that arent necessary for the operation of UNIX but ply the user with additional capabilities, such as typesetting capabilities and e-mail the tools can be added or removed from a UNIX system, depending upon the applications required.Microsoft And Windows Competitors essays research papers A lot of people today, mostly microsofties, argue that Microsoft should not be split up since it isnt really a monopoly Windows has a lot of competitors out there and some of the companies that make them are even bigger than Microsoft. And that is actually quite true Microsoft has only about 6% of the global software market and only 3% of the global computer market overall. There are several comput er companies that make more than Microsoft, like Sun Microsystems and Compaq and there are at least nine other operating systems besides Windows, some of which you could even get for free.After three decades of use, the UNIX computer operating system from Bell Labs is still regarded as one of the most powerful, versatile, and flexible operating systems (OS) in the computer world. Its popularity is due to many factors, including its ability to run a wide variety of machines, from micros to supercomputers, and its portability -- all of which led to its adoption by many manufacturers.The UNIX operating system was designed to let a number of programmers access the computer at the same time and share its resources. While initially meant for medium-sized computers, the system was soon moved to larger, more powerful mainframe computers. As personal computers grew in popularity, versions of UNIX found their way into these boxes, and a number of companies produce UNIX-based machines for the scientific and programming communities.A major contribution of the UNIX system was its portability, permitting it to move from one brand of computer to another with a minimum of code changes. At a time when different computer lines of the same vendor didnt talk to each other -- yet alone machines of multiple vendors -- that meant a great savings in both hardware and software upgrades. It also meant that the operating system could be upgraded without having all the customers data inputted again. And new versions of UNIX were backward compatible with older versions, making it easier for companies to upgrade in an orderly manner.UNIX comes with hundreds of programs that can be divided into two classes integral utilities that are absolutely necessary for the operation of the computer, such as the command interpreter, and tools that arent necessary for the operation of UNIX but provide the user with additional capabilities, such as typesetting capabilities and e-mail the tools can be add ed or removed from a UNIX system, depending upon the applications required.

Uncovering History in our own Backyard :: essays research papers

Un blot outing History in our own BackyardDr. Solberg has his own stamp on discovering American history. He has had a long interest in the ordinary person and was quoted as saying People that carry history are a needed map of our past. He did his doctorates on diaries from the 18th century. And has sent much of his time studying letters sent to Norway during the 1930s and 1940s. Dr. Solberg started the lecture by asking Olle and Marie Mellin to stand up in the audience they are both in the American Scandinavian foundation and have set up scholarships for Scandinavian studies. Solberg was quoted as saying They where pillars of the American foundation.Solberg told of a book that he felt had a connection with what he was doing in Solvang. The name of the book was Prairie Earth by William least HeatMoon. Heatmoon did a cultivation of land in the Midwest wand with that went through the history of the land from the Indians to the present. Almost like a de-mapping of the land. Slides cam e on the screen from the American Post clipping. This magazine was what covered American life during the time of Solbergs childhood, almost every American home had one. In an issue dated January 1947 an article told of Solvang being an Original danish pastry community. This article had a profound effect on tourism. Land prices went sky high and Solvang became a tourist town. There are three areas that Solberg will cover in the lecture, the first being the background of Solvang, the second will cover the time from 1911 through 1916, and the third being his own experience from the 60s. After graduating from UCSB Solberg went to europium and after his return he felt he felt a strong interest in cultivating history. It was at this time he decided to do Solvang. He decided to do an oral history. If you fail to get oral history you lose parts of history. Solberg did not tape anyone with out there license was able to collect photos to give a human dimension to his oral report. Large ranc hos gave the backdrop for the Santa Ynez valley. With 40,000 acres the valley became a huge area for cattle. In 1804 the first mission was established. 1888 the first railroad became operational before this time Los Olivous was the business center but by 1888 it had died down and by 1911 Solvang was the center of the Santa Ynez valley.

Essay --

Child beauty boasts have changed so much since the 1960s. Children beauty pageants used to be virtually the children and having fun. Now, it seems like most children are macrocosm forced in these pageants by their parents, looking unnoticeable from all the heavy makeup they wear, fake hair, teeth and nails they use. Children being abuse, sexualize, having self-esteem problems etc in these pageants. Many people have questioned this sport and wonder if it should be ban? In this paper, I have augured and provided facts and information on why children beauty pageants should be ban. Children Beauty Pageants Should Be Ban Seeing children as small as 0-month old to 12 years old in fine-looking dresses, showing off their talents and competing to win cash and tiaras may seem cute. Today many mothers are taking the pageants to a completely different level. Do you view dressing a three year old as a prostitute for a movie theme pageant is appropriate? No, it is completely impertinent and that is exactly what Wendy Dickey did to her three-year-old daughter Paisley Dickey in a film theme beauty pageant on TLCs Toddlers and Tiaras. Wendy thought by dressing her daughter as a prostitute like Julia Roberts character in Pretty Woman was going to wow the judges but expert created controversy all over. Children beauty pageants may seem to be cute, but today it is a concern among many people on whether children beauty pageants should be ban because of what goes on in the pageant world that we do not see and the outcome and future of these children.When beauty pageants became a part of the American party in 1920, it also became a marketing tool. In 1921, in the state of New Jersey, in Atlantic City beauty pageants were used to make tourer stay... ...beauty pageants is that their parents wants fame. On one of TLCs hit show Toddlers and Tiaras, there was an episode around a girl name Alan Thompson. Alan was new to the beauty pageant world, from being on that show and comp eted in a beauty pageant on the show the network gave Alan and her family a spin-off show which we all survive Here Comes Honey Boo Boo. Here comes Honey Boo Boo is the top rated show on TLC as of right now. Alan and her family is noteworthy now and since getting her own reality show and recognition she have not compete in any more beauty pageants. When you think about it if she really loved doing beauty pageants and was passionate about it she would still be doing it. I think her mother exploited her daughter in the beauty pageant world so she can get fame and money. I personally find that disgusting because I see it as selling your child for money.

Essay --

Child bag pageants have changed so much since the 1960s. Children dish aerial pageants used to be about the children and having fun. Now, it seems like most children are being forced in these pageants by their parents, looking unnoticeable from tout ensemble the heavy brand nameup they wear, fake hair, dentition and nails they use. Children being abuse, sexualize, having self-esteem problems etc in these pageants. Many people have questioned this sport and wonder if it should be ban? In this paper, I have augured and provided facts and information on why children dish aerial pageants should be ban. Children Beauty Pageants Should Be Ban Seeing children as small as 0-month old to 12 years old in beautiful dresses, showing off their talents and competing to win cash and tiaras may seem cute. Today many mothers are taking the pageants to a alone different level. Do you entail dressing a three year old as a prostitute for a movie theme pageant is appropriate? No, it is completel y inappropriate and that is exactly what Wendy Dickey did to her three-year-old daughter Paisley Dickey in a film theme beauty pageant on TLCs Toddlers and Tiaras. Wendy aspect by dressing her daughter as a prostitute like Julia Roberts character in Pretty Woman was going to wow the judges alone just created controversy all over. Children beauty pageants may seem to be cute, but today it is a concern among many people on whether children beauty pageants should be ban because of what goes on in the pageant world that we do not see and the outcome and future of these children.When beauty pageants became a part of the American society in 1920, it also became a marketing tool. In 1921, in the state of New Jersey, in Atlantic City beauty pageants were used to make tourist stay... ...beauty pageants is that their parents wants fame. On one of TLCs hit show Toddlers and Tiaras, there was an episode about a girl name Alan Thompson. Alan was new to the beauty pageant world, from being on that show and competed in a beauty pageant on the show the network gave Alan and her family a spin-off show which we all know Here Comes Honey Boo Boo. Here comes Honey Boo Boo is the top rated show on TLC as of decent now. Alan and her family is famous now and since getting her own reality show and recognition she have not compete in any more beauty pageants. When you think about it if she really loved doing beauty pageants and was passionate about it she would still be doing it. I think her mother exploited her daughter in the beauty pageant world so she can get fame and money. I personally find that disgusting because I see it as selling your child for money.

Wabash Watershed

Global heat is a resultant of Heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere. The release of these gases has increase in the last calciferol years since the industrial revolution. There is an expectation that orbicular heating system will result to rising sea levels, droughts, fires, heat waves, extreme invades, heavy rainfall, floods, and melting of snow and ice. These changes as envisaged would affect agriculture and general food availability with devastating consequences for existence of animateness on earth. In additional, life would change completely because many systems be tied to the climate.For example, temperature changes would affect breeding cycle of insect, and this has implications on pollination and food availability for mercifuls. Although short-term weather variations argon normal and expected, long-term changes are pestilential to the environment and life on earth (Houghton, 2004). There is evidence that global melting is becoming worse primarily cod to rise in blow dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. In 1950s, the concentration of ampere-second dioxide was at 315 parts per million. Currently, the concentration is most 385 parts per million.To disc everyplace an increase in concentration of coulomb dioxide throughout history, scientists energise used bubbles of air trapped in ice and results show that the current concentration of blow dioxide is the highest and has been, for more than 10,000 years (Maslin, 2007). Atmospheric carbon dioxide was 280 parts per million before the industrial revolution. During the ice age, concentration was only when 100 parts and 300 during warm blocks. Other green houses gases such as methane and nitrous oxide have increased at the same rate as carbon dioxide since then.The rising levels of carbon dioxide and vapor in the atmosphere are communicate as causing wide ranging climatic changes, in the form of heavy rainfall and droughts occurring within a few years. The increasing level would flood cities and nullify infrastructure in low-lying areas. In the past, serious floods that used to occur once or twice in a period of 100 to 500 years are now regular occurrence. Small changes in precipitation, moisture, and local temperature will have a tremendous impact on human life due to their expected impact on food production.Since 1880s, annual mean temperature has increased, and projections based on factors in existence suggest the temperature increase will invigorate (Houghton, 2004). tot up to global warming conjecture, increase in temperature means more evaporation from the ocean. Presently, the ocean holds more than 4 percent more moisture compared to 30 years ago. This has resulted to experiencing tremendous and frequent storms. It is expected that as the temperature keep rising, the moisture in the ocean will increase, and storms will get worse.Additionally, warm air everywhere land will either extend drought. The loss of summer ice in the dick share has altered w inter in conglutination the States and Western Europe. The melting ice adds to the sea volume that partly explains the increase in sea levels. The permanent ice that is melting in the Polar Regions is relinquish methane, which is a greenhouse gas. Therefore, global warming is creating a condition for accelerated warming. Severe winter that was recorded in eastern US and northern US is related to temperature changes in the arctic region.Warm air everyplace the arctic melts the ice that moves into the ocean, which becomes darker. Consequently, the ocean takes in more rays placing more warmth over the arctic region. This weakens the strong swirling vortex of the jet stream, which drives weather patterns in Western Europe. A weaker jet stream in 2010 dipped further south delivering storm tracks and bringing arctic air in middle air, increasing the possibility of severe winter (Houghton, 2004). That is what happened in 2010 in eastern USA and northern Europe. People contribute to the global warming phenomena by burning fossil fuel.Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide that pees greenhouse effect over the locate of the earth thereby, trapping more solar radiation. Additionally, when volume cut down trees, the amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increase precipitously because trees and forests acts as a carbon sink. Other than burning fossil fuels and deforestation, other human activities behind global warming are industrial processes and mining, landfills, septic, water systems, fertilizer application, manure and management (Maslin, 2007).Currently in the tropics, massive deforestation is taking place. In the virago basin, millions of acres are cleared annually to pave the counsel for ranches to rear beef animals for meat export to Europe and North America. Western Europe and North America have the utmost per capita use of meat in the reality. Deforestation is also carried out in order to satisfy the huge demand for note product in Brazil, a country that is developing fast. Deforestation has gains for the country. Trees in the Amazon and Congo basins are significant.The two largest forest basins act as the world lungs because they absorb excess carbon dioxide produced by burning fossil fuels. Forests also play a critical role in reducing flooding and are a great source of hydroelectric power, which is clean. Of the hydroelectric power of the two great rivers and elsewhere in the world, the need for burning fossil fuel to produce electricity would reduce dramatically further leading to less pollution. The current environmental crisis such as global warming, water scarcity, ozone depletion, and biodiversity depletion is caused by anthropocentric lore of nature.In accordance with anthropocentric view of environment, trees are cut down in order to gratify the huge demand for tree products or to pave the way for farming or ranching. Removal of trees leaves the earth unable to absorb excess carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere through burning of biomass (Archer, 2012). As a result, increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is contributing to global warming and climate change. Deforestation is also causing the extinction of species.People view trees as mere resources that can only be exploited to provide building materials, avail jobs for the low-income people among other uses, totally disregarding the intrinsic value of forests or trees, which is to act as a carbon sink (Robbins and Hintz 60). As a result, this has caused massive environmental damage with global ramifications. From the entropy roll up for the Wabash water basic, this paper consider temperature, precipitation, evapotraspiraition, moisture deficit, and surface for evidence of global warming. TemperatureAlthough data presented is not consistent, there are indications that there is an overall warming of the environment. On average, maximum temperature increased over the period, and minimum temperature increased. Accor ding to global warming theory, increase in global and local temperatures lead to increased evaporation that cause more cloud cover/fog or haze that hold more temperature increasing minimum temperature in the process. The increase in minimum temperature recorded during the 30-year period can be construed to mean the charge of global warming.In the 80s, average temperatures increased rapidly suggesting that the world was warming up rapidly. Hover, the increase slowed down in the 90s. The average daily temperature has declined in the 30 years under study. According to global warming theory, increase in greenhouse gases increases the ability of earth atmosphere to hold onto nighttime warmth more in effect than increases in mid-day temperature. The decline in average temperature range documentations the view that the globe is warming. hardihood On average, annual precipitation at the valley has increased.The precipitation rises from 39 inches to 42, which is a significant increase. Th e increase in precipitation is consistent with the earlier data that demonstrated an increase in temperature. Global warming theory predicts a situation where increase in temperature leads to more water vapor due to evaporation leading to an increase in precipitation. Based on the findings that precipitation has increased in the 30 years, conclusion can be made that global warming is a reality. However, there are other facts that do not support the supposition of global warming.The global warming theory predicts that continental landmasses would receive less rainfall. Decline in temperature gradient between equatorial regions and regions removed from the concenter would decline, leading to weak storm system that transports moisture from the oceans to the landmasses for precipitation. In the continental United States, the amount of precipitation should have declined as weak storm systems should have been able to transport moisture from the Gulf of Mexico. Increase in precipitation c ontradicts global warming theory.Additionally, draught is brought by low precipitation and high evaporation. Precipitation recorded is high. Over the period, the day where there is light precipitation has increased peaking in the 70s. The numbers of recorded days with moderate precipitation also increased. In the 80s, there are more days of moderate precipitation. This period coincided with higher temperatures suggesting that increase in temperature and evaporation was creating drought conditions. This view is also supported by the view that annual day on heavy precipitation declines over the period.The number of days with recorded heavy precipitation show great division that is not possible to extract a visible pattern to link to the global warming. The number of days where precipitation over 0. 01 inches and above is recorded increases over the period. The increase is probably due to light precipitation days that follow the same trend. This information alone cannot absolutely ind icate the presence of global warming. However, the data in itself shows that there is more moisture in the atmosphere or evaporation and resulting condensation due to temperature increase.Evapotranspiration The rate of evapotranspiration as the data shows increase over the period and peaks in the 70s. According to global warming theory, evapotranspiration would increase in tandem with an increase in precipitation and temperature. The increase in a period of a general increase in temperature and precipitation is consistent with what would be expected as predicted by the global warming theory. moisture deficit Moisture deficit declined suggesting that drought induced deficit should have been the case.Annual redundance moisture is recorded, and this supports the theory of global warming. Runoff There is an increase in runoff due to increased precipitation. The 5-year running means that the data seemed to run in the 2-3 year cycles of maximums and minimums, but the peaks of the cycles grew to extreme high levels. As far as we understand about the consequences of global warming, this data does not seem to agree them. Views Based on the data presented about the Wabash watershed, there is a strong suggestion that global warming is real.All the variables largely behave in a way people would expect in a warm environment. For example, theorists predicted that temperature would rise, and there would be a drop in the range of temperature. According to the date, temperature has increased during the period, and the difference between minimum and maximum temperature has declined. The results of the data fulfill the predictions. Despite evidence for global warming, some of the date collected from the watershed opposes what should happen in theory.For example, more droughts should have happened during the period that does not turn out to be precisely the case. However, the wild variability of key variables is a pointer to a potential problem. In a tropical region, the wide v ariability could have resulted to observable drought like conditions. Conclusion Global warming is a problem with serious consequences. The carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere is expected to drive the present global temperature further north. The changes in the arctic region and the ocean have implication for the weather patterns worldwide.According to the data presented for the Wabash watershed, both minimum and maximum temperatures increased during the 30-year period and the difference between them decreased. Global warming theory precisely suggests the same thing. Increase in average temperature suggests that moisture levels at land and sea would increase. As an indication, precipitation levels would increase, and more severe storms in the sea would be experienced due to high moisture levels. In the last few years, violent storms have been witnessed at sea indicating that moisture levels at the oceans are increasing.Global warming theory predicts lower precipitation le vels due to the disturbance of delicate pressure balance in the tropics and regions that are not close. The global warming theory predicts that continental landmasses would receive less rainfall. Decline in temperature, gradient between equatorial regions and regions removed from the centre would decline leading to weak storm system that transport moisture from the oceans to the land masses for precipitation. Because precipitation increased at Wabash watershed for the period under review, the results do not quite agree with the theory.However, in all other respect, the behavior of the variables that were under study suggests that global warming is real. In tandem with an increase in precipitation, runoff increased. Annual surplus moisture is recorded, and this supports the theory of global warming. The implication of Wabash watershed is that in general, the earth is growing warmer, but some predictions of global warming are not go out as expected (Archer, 2012). This could be due t o some hidden variables or known variables interacting in a way that is not fully understood.

Moore Medical Corporation – Analysis to It Investments

CASE ANALYSIS Document Version 1. 0 Moore Medical Corporation Analysis to IT investments Dilip IT for Business Managers Business Background Moore Medical Corporation founded in 1947 is a distributor of medical supplies. The lodge had built its business model taking care of specific groups of practitioners such(prenominal) as podiatrists and emergency medical emolument personnel. Moore provides more than 8500 products and the company had divided its customers into six groups.Moore has a strong tradition of accurately maintaining customer orders. Moores current IT infrastructure and spending was above the attention average implementing most of the latest technologies like ERP, telemarketing and e-commerce. Case reduces and Results Issue 1 Linda Autore, the CEO of Moore Medical, Inc was unsure if she necessitateed to spend any of the companys funds on CRM software.Solution and Analysis It is definitely true that CRM provides an integrated record of all customer contacts through all channels, assembling an optimal muniment of appointments for sales people which would lead to a better consistency of Moores interaction with its customers however from the outline of the illustration I see that Moore has currently a tradition of accurately and quickly filling customer orders which had no problems.From the technology perspective it is definitely great to get a company like Moore to be updated with CRM but however looking at the current problem that Moore faces I confide its not worth wasting an investment in CRM. Issue 2 Moore has spent $7 million in implementing the ERP however Moores ERP implementation was not very satisfying since it was not fully utilizing the information maintained in the system and was also inferior to what had been in place previously.Solution and Analysis ERP is an excellent database system provided it has been implemented with respect to the companys requirements. From the case I see that Moores ERP was unsuccessful and had short comings that were required to be fixed immediately. ERP covers all areas from finance, logistics to marketing and also Moores latest e-commerce website. I recall an additive investment of $600,000 to purchase the Bolt on software is necessary to realize the $7 million investment made in the ERP.Issue 3 one(a) of the major problems faced with Moore in their ERP systems was their poor implementation of demand plan. Moores performance on the Perfect Order was way below their expected finale of 90% as shown in Exhibit 5. Solution and Analysis It is mentioned in the case that 84% of the non-perfect orders are due to demand planning issues. Even if the company spends $300,000 on each of the four models which are in consideration to solve the forecasting issue the company would spend only $1. million. It must be illustrious that this additional cost will help the company in increased revenues, reduced costs and better customer satisfaction. Issue 4 Is Companys decision to move to p ersonal e-commerce a right choice? Solution From the available information and looking at exhibit 7 I believe the traffic and income generated towards personal e-commerce has been increased substantially in six months since the start of the new website.However my suggestion to Moore is that it withdraws from yahoo is a phased manner. Relevance and analysis From the analysis of Moore Corporation I believe they have made relevant investments in IT infrastructure however the company lacks a dodge to implement them. I believe the company needs to prioritize their requirements from their business point of view. Here I believe CRM is an important tool to improve customer relationships but however they need to set their prior projects right before setting their eye on CRM.Their initial priority is to set right the ERP which would set right the demand planning issue also. Setting the ERP right would help also help in achieving good revenue from e-commerce applications. IT is definitely a so lution to a particular problem, such as customer acquisition and retention, increased revenues and provides employees an efficient tool however the goals of IT should be linked to the corporate strategy. Investing blindly in IT without a strategy will not derive the desired result.

Designing an Evaluation Method Essay

My primary wellness goal in the nation is to improve the overall health of the diabetes people by years 2020. Diabetes is a disease is that contributes significantly to death and disability among Chicagoans. The Healthy People 2020 objective is to reduce diabetes- related deaths to no more than 34 per 100,000 people (USDHHS, 2013). The concept of educational approaches would improve the diabetes disease noesis of healthcare providers and also education approach promoting healthy lifestyle habits and longanimous authority is an effective dodging with the potential to decrease the nurture of complications related to diabetes as well as the socioeconomic costs of the disease (Gaglianalio & Etchegoyem, 2001).As a wet-nurse educator, my responsibility is to provide patients with the most current and evidence- supported information to assist in the decision- making process. Providing the most current information to baccalaureate programs nursing students would take a crap the next generation of nurses to have consistent evidence-based practice to educate their clients. My proposal of practicum project is focusing in improving the level of diabetes diseases process and manifestation knowledge in a baccalaureate nursing program. The recognizing objectives that would improve my approaches for attaining my goal as followed At the end of this practicum experience I exit be able to1-Develop a lesson plan that utilizes learner- centered strategies to engage the learners. 2- Create a lesson plan that prepares baccalaureate nursing students to care for patients with diabetes. 3-Develop a lesson plan that increases baccalaureate students knowledge of diabetes. Criteria needed to pronounce the practicum projectThe purpose of practicum project military rating is to improve practicum project effectiveness and demonstrate accountability. Evaluation may be ontogenesisal, intended to deliver direction for the development and implementation of an outcome-oriented (Billing s & Halstead, 2012). Evidence-based practice (EBP) is decision- making on the care delivery to patients, which is based on current identified and validated research evidence, consumers preferences, expert opinions and society expectation(Adams & Barron, 2010). This requires the baccalaureate nurses to make clinical decision pertaining to patients care. Therefore, the best clinical decision -making should be based on EBP with the intention to achieve musical note patient outcome.The evidence or criteria need to evaluate my practicum project are followed. (1)Utilize current nursing literature related to program evaluation that foc wasting diseases on comprehensive evaluation, rather than specific elements of the practicum project,(2)Utilization of recommended guidelines and having knowledge of the diabetes process will enable the evaluator to accurately interpret observations, evaluate whether the goals were achieved and whether the t for each oneing methods utilise were appropriat e and effective for the situation, (3) Acquire skills in peer observation establish the context of the class session, and integration and interpretation of student evaluation feedback. How will success be determined? What are the benchmarks for each element of evidence and what constitutes pass/fail, etc.? A course evaluation is a significant part of managing a program because it points out if the learners needs are met or not. Success will be determined through evidence that measures outcomes of the activities, and indicators of program achievements.Benchmarks are used for the measure of a best practice. Benchmarking is the process of identifying benchmarks and applying them for performance improvement (Billings, 2007). The process benchmarking involves sharing successful program indicatives and learning from others success. Benchmark can be used in diabetes care and management, and patient education. Benchmark may evaluate the practicum project throughout the term of the evaluatio ns by identifying a point for comparison that reflects students satisfaction of the entire course. Using benchmarks to assess processes, practices, and outcomes can provide comparative feedback that can guide the quality improvement process with diabetes patients and their caregivers. Evaluation methods during the practicum projectDuring the evaluation, I will use the process indicators to help me provide feedback and determine if the activities implementing are progressing for desired outcomes. I will follow the Theory-Driven framework because this model provides information on not only the performance of evaluation but on how and why the evaluation achieves such a result (Billings & Hallstead, 2012). The significance of this model during the practicum project lesson is the development and articulation of a clear philosophy. Thus, this model will allow my project lesson process to flow from a theory- based evaluation of diabetes care and management, and education. Observations, ch ecklists, pre and post-test scores will be used as an evidence for evaluation of the project.Tests examinations are a shared, cost- effect, and time effective method of testing knowledge acquisition both as students progress in the course and at the conclusion of the course and program (Gaberson & Oermann, 2009). During the evaluation, the theory will direct the evaluation process from identifying variables to be measured to the nett report. Resources will be obtained from the nursing department or by the faculty own cost. Most nursing schools write a grant for resources needed. Formative evaluation strategyFrequent evaluations are essential when the learning process is complex and unfamiliar and when it is considering helpful to anticipate potential problems if the risk of failure is high (Billings & Halstead, 2012). I will create more opportunities for effective feedback and use collected formative data to improve the quality of practicum project. Evaluation activities such as co ntinuous quality assessment lead to the improvement of the program and the achievement of excellence (Keating, 2011). The formative evaluation occur form the beginning to the end of the practicum project. Summative evaluation strategyI will perform evaluation of my practicum project toward the end of my second semester 2013 to provide evidence on the success or achievements of the project. I will use summative evaluations to develop best-practice models and to identify areas that require additional improvements for future my practicum project if there is any. Summative evaluations are used to conclude if stakeholders were able to achieve their goals. The summative evaluation always takes place toward the end of a program. ReferencesKeating, S.B. (2011). Curriculum development and evaluation in nursing education. Andre, K., & Heartfield, M. (2007). Professional portfoliosEvidence of competency for nursesand midwifes. Australia Elsevier. References Gagliardino, J., & Etchegoyen, G. (2 001). A Model Educational Program for People with Type2 Diabetes A cooperative Latin American implementation study. Adams, S., Barran, S. (2010). Development and testing of evidence based practice questionnaire for school nurses. journal of Nursing Measurement, 18(1), 35-40. Billings, D. (2007). Using benchmarking for continuous quality improvement in nursing educations. In M. Oermann & K. Heinrich (Eds.), Annual review of nursing education, volume 5, 2007, 9p.173-180). NY Springer Publishing.

L3 HSC Technical Certificate Essay

1. Identify the divers(prenominal) reasons why people go across (1.1.1) slew communicate to build relationships, convey their postulate to one another, sh ar their ideas, express their feelings and socialise in pairs or larger groups.2. Explain how dialogue affects relationships in an big(a) social care setting (1.1.2) As an adult care player, communication is vital to piece the needs and withdrawments of the dish up user. If good communication is not formed, thusly the health and safety of the service user is at attempt. Communication too forms trust, not only between the service user but also my sonny boy care worker/s. Communications between staff allow a good handover to take place between shifts and by using a communication theory book, each issues of health & safety can be discussed without all staff members being present.Read more Reasons why people communicateessay3. comparison ways to establish the communication and language needs, wishes and preferences of an individual (2.2.1) In many cases, just by talking in English to the individual, communication can be established to determine their wishes, needs & preferences. If this is not possible, the individual should ingest a care/support plan or notes this will hopefully outline any special communication needs that individual may require. For example a person who is either deaf or of impaired hearing, may need to be spoken to louder and clearer whilst your lips are in full view for them to read, alter congenitally hand gestures or sign language may be required. I fully read though that in some cases it may be impossible for me to communicate between the service user and that I may need assistance.4. place the factors to distribute when promoting effective communication (2.2.2) There are a number of factors that need to be considered to promote effective communication Verbal Communication not everyone speaks my native tongue and therefore may not have my vocabulary and I may need to c ommunicate with individuals that have learning difficulties I thereforehave to consider this when communicating and be sure not to use words that could be difficult to understand. I must also be considerate abounding to not sound patronising to adults by speaking to slowly and to use the correct tone and pitch in my voice. Non-Verbal Communication non-verbal communication is said to visor for up to 93% of all daily communication, this leaves only 7% for words.This clearly shows that non-verbal communication is very important to get right. Examples are eyes, by talking to psyche and (mostly) maintaining eye-contact conveys your intent of care and interest in that persons words and also affirms a solid foundation for trust. Body language can be communicated either consciously or non-consciously and can greatly affect the message or teaching to be shared between one or many people. There are times in my role when a simple hand on the shoulder has been enough to reassure that person that they are being listened to and understood. Writing a note or using an object can also help with establishing effective communication in a non-verbal way5. Describe a pose of communication methods and styles to meet individual needs (2.2.3) We have the use of our five senses to communicate and receive information withVisual seeingAuditory hearing olfactive smellingKinaesthetic feelingGustatory tasting6. Explain why it is important to respond to an individuals reactions when communicating (2.2.4) Once communication is established, the discourse of that conversation is usually determined by either signs of non-verbal or verbal reactions it is essential that these are responded to in a correct and timely manner, or the risk of miscommunication is increased and the original intention or needs (which triggered the communication) may be lost and could potentially be dangerous to the health and safety of the individual, yourself or others most you.7. Explain how individuals fr om different backgrounds may use, or interpret communication methods in different ways (3.3.1) Communication methods canvary between people from different backgrounds and it can, in some instances, be very hard to avoid misunderstandings. There are beliefs and opinions that need to be respected and understood, whether they are from a religious or cultural viewpoint these factors can greatly affect the effectiveness of the communication between them. Some individuals may be used to very strong non-verbal communication by way of e.g. hand gestures, as opposed to another who may be distracted and feel threatened by such means. Personality has a big influence on the method of someones communication, it is up to both individuals to adapt to each other in order to share information correctly.8. Identify barriers to effective communication (3.3.2)As previously mentioned, Religion and cultural belief can be a barrier between two parties ordain to communicate, there is also Prejudice in th ose beliefs, some of which you may not share but mustnt let that be a prejudgement ahead communication. Different or strong accent If you dont understand what is being said to you (or what you are telling), it is imperative that you do not be gangrenous (or offended) in asking for the information to be repeated. Health & (or) mental issues e.g. Aspergers, the individual may lack the necessary non-verbal communication skills and will therefore will require patience on your part. Noise your hearing may be better than theirs and is not affected by any background noise such as a television. Specialist communication methods Do you have the necessary skills for effective communication e.g. sign language? Sensory impairment Is the individual deaf, blind or both?Emotions Is this person too stressed to discuss something that is important?9. Explain how to overcome barriers to communication (3.3.3)It is part of our job to identify these barriers and open up a good line of effective communic ation that serves the best interests of the service user. We can also call upon the operate of others to aid in the communication e.g. an Interpreter. There is also much research I can do which may include speaking to the family or professionals that are already familiar with that individual and may allow for valu equal to(p) information on how best to communicate. Wecan also use communication strategies and personal support plans as well as educating ourselves through instruct to gain new skills.10. Describe strategies that can be used to clarify misunderstandings (3.3.4) Should a misunderstanding occur, I should not give up, but attempt to right it and ensure that the individual does understand, this can be through by e.g. Giving that person some time to calm down and then later on communicate it in a different or easier way, being careful to explain it fully and simpler.11. Explain how to access extra support or services to enable individuals to communicate effectively (3.3.5 ) There will be times when extra support is needed because you either lack the necessary skills or you cannot communicate or provide the information directly to the individual that serves them in the best possible way. There are many specialist organisations for a whole entertain of needs and requirements. You should, if asked, obtain this information for use by either yourself or the service user and make it easily accessible.12. Explain the meaning of the term confidentiality (4.4.1) Confidentiality is a set of rules built upon trust to abide by pertaining to the wishes and needs of others under your care. The information must be kept private with restrictions in place when required.13. Describe ways to maintain confidentiality in day-to-day communication (4.4.2) Confidentiality can be maintained by remaining aware and conscious of the information you share or discuss. Examples of this areInformation should only be discussed with the permission of the individual and not spoken ab out out of work, especially social media platforms e.g. Facebook. Any documentation needs to be filed securely and inaccessible to others. Your voice should be kept to a minimum when discussing (with permission) in a public environment (e.g. Hospital) the information of a service user to another person.14. Describe the potential tension between maintaining an individuals confidentiality and disclosing concerns to agreed others (4.4.3) In my role as a support worker I may encounter a situation where the matter of confidentiality has to be weighed up against the welfare of the individual in question. In these instances confidentiality has to be broken to meet my obligations and duty of care in reporting to the correct and relevant authorities e.g. safeguarding this has the potential for tension but for the greater good, must be adhered to.15. Explain how and when to seek advice about confidentiality (4.4.4) I can seek advice through my peers, management personnel or a professional ad vice line and this must always be done as soon as possible to ensure the immediate safety of the service user.Once you have completed, your Learning Advisor will be able to cross reference all knowledge into Unit 4222-301 of the diploma

My Ideal Job Essay

Most people learn knowledge because they hope to obtain an ideal avocation for themselves. For my part, it is also an important reason that I learn knowledge.For my future working environment, I would like to work in marketing sector. Marketing has more to do with identifying customer needs and developing the right products to satisfy those needs, and it reaches are public through advertising. I hope that the company is located in Central line of business District, and there are about a great hundred employees in the company.In addition, I think that the private secretary would be my ideal bloodline through long studying and working. As the private secretary, I should help Director of Marketing to handle and answer his business correspondence, keep multifarious files and records of company, in particular relating to some files and records of Director of Marketing, and take minutes of the meetings which is attended by him. Certainly, besides the salary, I expect to get some perks. For example, holidays and vacation time, Employee Assistance Program, social functions, subsidise health coverage for spouses, domestic partners, and competitive health care benefit coverage, including medical, dental, vision, life and so on. I need also grasp some victor knowledge about marketing, computer skills, negotiation skills, and experience of study abroad, except my basic knowledge for the job.In conclusion, because I know to speak and act cautiously, and I am very good at paperwork and daily routine, I feel that I might be suitable for the private secretary in the future.

Business Driven Information Systems

1. Do you agree or disagree with Friedmans assessment that the initiation is mat? Be sure to apologise your answer. I dont fully agree with Friedmans vision of the flat World. Though I think we are more committed and informed than ever. According to me I touch Friedmans views and research is mostly concerning the developed countries focusing on business and targeting the cooperate world. Today technology, telecommunications has definitely helped wad around the world to be closer. But Friedmans does not mention the less fortunate countries where the globalization is still a far dream.I feel Friedmans analysis is a good fit for the rich and developed countries, where World has changed to a global village. 2. What are the potential impacts of a flat world for a student performing a stock search? Todays educated youth has all the potential and access to the world of technology at their fingertips. They give the gate easily change to the growing job demands and are ready for job ch anges as needed. They sure got to have good nurture as the competition is high in todays economy. I dont think its difficult to find a job it depends on how blunt you are to change in the new world of job opportunities and choose the best option. . What can students do to prepare themselves for competing in a flat world? Students can equip themselves for this competitive World by acquiring good education. Be updated in the field of your study and keep yourself open to news and updates. The coffee shop business is mainly framed in 2 mainstreams. First group is the major players like Starbucks, Seattles Best Coffee, Dietrich, Brewsters, New World, Gloria Gears, which can be denoted as Specialty Brands. Second group contains One-Store coffee shops like The Broadway Cafe.These are generally local, small businesses. The coffee shop industry possesses a rattling high intensified competition on all players both Specialty Brand and One-Store Coffee Shops. The main reasons that contribute to the high competition are The emergence of shops is huge (hoovers. com) Competitors are selling same or similar products, including specialty coffees as well as high quality foods. The fixed cost sight constitutes a high portion of the cost structure. Companies should sell more products to cover these costs, which increases competition.

The Foreshadowing of Tragedy in the First Five Chapters

A reader who is skimming through the novel ?The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald might consider a happy ending by the end of the fifth chapter, however at a s swallowly more detailed look there are clear signs that indicate that a tragical and miserable ending is the only possible one. This essay will be looking at how Fitzgerald foreshadows tragedy, and how he presents tragedy in the lives of the novels characters.One of the indicators for Gatsby failure is the unstableness of the harassers he is depending on. This begins with the woman he loves, Daisy Buchannan. Daisys life is a tragedy in its own, because she married the wrong man, who is cheating on her, as she was too weak to follow her moral sense and wait for Gatsby to return from the war. Nick, the narrator of the novel and her second cousin once removed, expects her to rush out, child in arms (chapter 1), but she stays in her hard put marriage.Thus it is clear that Daisy is rather shallow, and without enough confidence to contravene social conventions. Having this in mind, one mint non e sure if she would resolve to go with Gatsby, once it comes to a contrast with her husband Tom. This conflict is easily predictable with the knowledge about Tom Buchannan character. He is an aggressive, unrest (chapter 1) man, bursting with potency and confidence, but already behind his zenith, as his stovepipe years were those in college. He would never tolerate a rival, even though he has an affair himself.The way he and his wife are life-time contains signs of tragedy as well they both are eternally restless, chasing after pleasure and trying to fulfill themselves with enormous spending of money. Fitzgerald criticizes the high-society vulgar pursuit of satisfying happiness of his time with these characters. He uses zephyr, blowing wind, to symbolism the Buchannan chaotic lifestyle. Already in his first appearance, Jay Gatsby carries indications of a tragic character. In this Nick sees him staring at the bo dy of water He stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way, as far as I was from him I could have curse he was trembling.Involuntarily I glanced seaward and distinguished nothing except a single green light C (chapter 1). Later it becomes clear that the green light comes from Daisy Buchannan dock, it is a symbol of Gatsby desire to win her back. His unquestioning love for Daisy made him follow her for five years and buy a huge mansion succeeding(prenominal) to her. It is the contrast between the two that indicates a tragedy whereas Gatsby would do anything to fulfill his dream, Daisy is more likely to stay in the safe live she is and it is clear that Gatsby would not be able to live without her.Besides, Nick describes him being pale as death (chapter 5) when he waits for Daisy to arrive. This foreshadows the bad influence Daisy will have on him. In chapter four Nick describes Gatsby party guests. Although he does not say it, it is clear that he sees them as su perficial, materialistic and immoral they were never quite the same ones in physical person, been there before. These people always use the situation for their profit and they gossip about Gatsby history at his own party. None of them can be regarded as a friend who would support Gatsby in case of a conflict.In Fitzgerald view, Americas white high-society is tragic, because it postulates morality, but is false and superficial. Fitzgerald ironically uses a line of the claim Mint we got fun to emphasize his criticism One things sure and nothings surer/ The rich get richer and the poor get children (chapter 5). In the Greek belief, tragedy is always caused by chaos. Regarding the flighty, erratic lifestyle of most of the characters in the novel, there must appear a conflict, a tragic moment at some point.The catastrophe is foreshadowed by the car breaking a wheel n the ditch after an excessive and chaotic night. And although Gatsby doesnt want to do anything out of the way (chapter 5 ), he is involved in illegal activities (shown by his connection to the known criminal Wolfishly and his calls to Chicago). His lax handling of legality is a form of chaos that is likely to become his undoing. Thus, in conclusion, chaos is an important key to the tragedy in the end because it has been obvious that the more unstable and unreliable the characters and their actions are, the easier an event ends into a catastrophe.

Adolf Loos Design Culture Essay

There are, or were, better arguments than Looss against the misuse of ornament. It could be considered morally dubious, because it is a means of showing off unitarys wealth. That diachronic argument was make in the days when hand-crafted bay wreaths were very expensive, but it no longer applicable, direct that ornament idler be machine-made at a modest cost. In any case, entire medal has neer been valued solely as ostentation traditionally, it has also been seen to pose real esthetical merit.Some judgment of convictions, excessive ornamentation could be said to be unaesthetic and in my perspective, some extreme finesse creations fall into this error. machination plays a particularly important and influential role in close. It does non patently reflect culture it throws culture. By studying ornamentation in different blocks of soma history, we rotter transform to a greater extent nearly how it has manifested itself and why it is a vital part of our history. Window displays, if used effectively, can engage retailers new customers, create customer loyalty, and enhance the image of the business.By decorating and furnishing the display windows, retailers can attract more customers into their stores, increase the gross revenue and revenue, because the majority of purchase decisions are made on impulse. Window displays continue to substantiate a long influence even until now. It is one of the most important tools to draw customers attention. Even from an economic perspective, ornamentation is not necessarily a waste of labour, money, and materials. The 19th century definitely is the century of cosmetic arts. At the parentage of the century, the arts were ornamental subjects in the education of young ladies and gentlemen.Artistic accomplishments were displayed in gentle social performances that appeared chance(a) but demonstrated good taste and ideal values, knowledge, and skills. Art education was one component of a process of secular refin ement that spread from the wealthy to the middling sort and include the beautification of houses, churches, as considerably as school buildings. The art of interior decoration and design was at the said(prenominal) time knowledgeable and luxuriant. Loos argues that ornamentation is uncivilized and primitive, and would hinder the development of national culture.However, ornamentation meant more than honorable decoration at that time, and the acceptable use of ornament, and its precise definition became the source of aesthetic controversy in academic Hesperian architecture, as architects and critics searched for appropriate styles. A plain, functional form generally signified the practically harsh necessities of manoeuvre, and as such was tolerated in its place, but art, in the form of decoration and ornament, represented for many another(prenominal) people a deep aspiration for a better life (Heskett, 56).Ornamentation at that time brought not except the sense of beauty but also mentally content to its user. What do vehicles, vacuum cleaners, ironers, planes, and ships have in common? Obviously, the streamlined design. In the 20th century, streamlined design has evolved from a scientific to an ornamental purpose. bit Loos argues that ornamentation is crime and designers should focus on functions, streamlined design actually improves the functionality and the long suit of a product.The end for the future is to improve aerodynamic efficiency by greatly reducing mat while maintaining and, wheresoever possible, increasing down-force (Ferrari. com). As a result of using aerodynamic streamlined design, Ferrari has fuck off one of the shell hyper-sport car brands in the world for fifty years, best known for its speed and handling. In fact, Fordism turned the mill into a kind of super-machine in its own right, with both human and mechanical part (Wollen, P66). Fordism is the economic period that turned craftsmanship into the mass production of standar dized objects.Under Fordism, production entailed an intensify division of industrial labor increased mechanization and the coordination of large-scale manufacturing processes to achieve a steady break away of production, and shifted toward the using of slight skilled labour. This system effectively reduces the costs of producing large quantities of products and, consequently, makes the sale price significantly lower than the craftsmans. An ornament is not considered to be a prior-determined mask anymore, to create a significance, or, to have a indisputable meaning, as it was during the postmodern period.It does not have the role of concealing things, as it did in different historic periods before the modern period, when its existence was futile. A good example of modern design is a fence in time. A clock is meant to draw our attentions through its function. With a fancy design, it also serves as a decoration in the environment. But no matter how fancy the design is, a clock i s always meant to be seen easily and quickly. Practical and ornamental designs oftentimes intersect. In those cases, the design elements involved can either work well together or hinder each other.Looss argument most decoration is throw off and inherently criminal does not stand up. Given the time in he is writing, we can exonerate Loss his racist assumptions about the black and the Papuans. However, his assertion that primitive people snip themselves in tattoos so, indeed decoration must be a degenerate practice is completely uncivilized and holds no metric weight unit at all. I appreciate modern design just as much, if not more than the workaday person, but truth be told, I am not really kindle in decoration.Adolf Loos Design Culture EssayThere are, or were, better arguments than Looss against the misuse of ornament. It could be considered morally dubious, because it is a means of showing off ones wealth. That historical argument was made in the days when hand-crafted dec orations were very expensive, but it no longer applicable, now that ornament can be machine-made at a modest cost. In any case, good ornamentation has never been valued solely as ostentation traditionally, it has also been seen to have real aesthetic merit.Sometimes, excessive ornamentation could be said to be unaesthetic and in my perspective, some extreme art creations fall into this error. Art plays a particularly important and influential role in culture. It does not simply reflect culture it creates culture. By studying ornamentation in different periods of design history, we can understand more about how it has manifested itself and why it is a vital part of our history. Window displays, if used effectively, can bring retailers new customers, create customer loyalty, and enhance the image of the business.By decorating and furnishing the display windows, retailers can attract more customers into their stores, increase the sales and revenue, because the majority of purchase deci sions are made on impulse. Window displays continue to have a massive influence even until now. It is one of the most important tools to draw customers attention. Even from an economic perspective, ornamentation is not necessarily a waste of labour, money, and materials. The 19th century definitely is the century of decorative arts. At the beginning of the century, the arts were ornamental subjects in the education of young ladies and gentlemen.Artistic accomplishments were displayed in pleasing social performances that appeared effortless but demonstrated good taste and ideal values, knowledge, and skills. Art education was one component of a process of secular refinement that spread from the wealthy to the middling sort and included the beautification of houses, churches, as well as school buildings. The art of interior decoration and design was at the same time intimate and luxuriant. Loos argues that ornamentation is uncivilized and primitive, and would hinder the development of national culture.However, ornamentation meant more than just decoration at that time, and the acceptable use of ornament, and its precise definition became the source of aesthetic controversy in academic Western architecture, as architects and critics searched for appropriate styles. A plain, functional form generally signified the often harsh necessities of work, and as such was tolerated in its place, but art, in the form of decoration and ornament, represented for many people a deep aspiration for a better life (Heskett, 56).Ornamentation at that time brought not only the sense of beauty but also mentally content to its user. What do vehicles, vacuum cleaners, ironers, planes, and ships have in common? Obviously, the streamlined design. In the 20th century, streamlined design has evolved from a scientific to an ornamental purpose. While Loos argues that ornamentation is crime and designers should focus on functions, streamlined design actually improves the functionality and the durability of a product.The goal for the future is to improve aerodynamic efficiency by greatly reducing drag while maintaining and, wherever possible, increasing down-force (Ferrari. com). As a result of using aerodynamic streamlined design, Ferrari has become one of the best hyper-sport car brands in the world for fifty years, best known for its speed and handling. In fact, Fordism turned the factory into a kind of super-machine in its own right, with both human and mechanical parts (Wollen, P66). Fordism is the economic period that turned craftsmanship into the mass production of standardized objects.Under Fordism, production entailed an intensified division of industrial labor increased mechanization and the coordination of large-scale manufacturing processes to achieve a steady flow of production, and shifted toward the using of less skilled labour. This system effectively reduces the costs of producing large quantities of products and, consequently, makes the sale price signif icantly lower than the craftsmans. An ornament is not considered to be a prior-determined mask anymore, to create a significance, or, to have a certain meaning, as it was during the postmodern period.It does not have the role of concealing things, as it did in different historical periods before the modern period, when its existence was futile. A good example of modern design is a wall clock. A clock is meant to draw our attentions through its function. With a fancy design, it also serves as a decoration in the environment. But no matter how fancy the design is, a clock is always meant to be seen easily and quickly. Practical and ornamental designs oftentimes intersect. In those cases, the design elements involved can either work well together or hinder each other.Looss argument about decoration is degenerate and inherently criminal does not stand up. Given the time in he is writing, we can forgive Loss his racist assumptions about the black and the Papuans. However, his assertion t hat primitive people decorate themselves in tattoos so, therefore decoration must be a degenerate practice is completely unfounded and holds no weight at all. I appreciate modern design just as much, if not more than the ordinary person, but truth be told, I am not really interested in decoration.

War on Terror Research Paper

war on dismay Do you ever have unitary of those moments in your deportment in which you go away never blank step forward where you were? I remember waking up early on phratry 11, 2001, getting ready for initiate and my dad telling me hurry up to watch the news with him. Being in 8th wander at the time, the news re anyy wasnt round function I would watch in the mornings so I knew it had to be something important. Then I saw it. An airplane crashing into a tower, plenty panicking, and mayhem ensuing in a city very well kn aver to me. When any tragic event like 9/11 occurs, the effect it will have on a nation is tremendous.It left the States in shock, anger, and sombreness just to name a few adjectives to describe the insurmountable amount of feelings that we felt on that day. With the States being such a powerful nation, after recoering from the attack the next ideal quantity would be to seek retaliation, right? Well on October 7th 2001, the war in Afghanistan began marki ng the eldest step in the war on Terror. The 9/11 tragedy was very devastating to the American morale and our sense of security. America being so powerful and strong it may be licit to see how we had a false sense of security when it came to attacks on us.I flirt with, who would really want to attack one of the strongest nations on Earth? No former(a) nation in their right mind would, right? Wrong. When those devil planes hit our towers and an new(prenominal) hitting the pentagon we were slapped with a reality check. We werent as safe as we persuasion we were. To add onto things, on September 18th and October 9th, 2001, we were hit by the anthrax attack that killed five and hurt seventeen Americans. Something had to be done about this. We shouldnt be letting other nations attack us like this. So George W. Bush began the fight on Terror.The single someone who took responsibility for these attacks on America is the notorious Osama bin Laden. Bin Laden founded the jihadist ter rorist brass section known as al-Qaeda at roughly 1988 to late 1989. The al-Qaeda, which translates into The Base, is well known for the September 11th attacks on the United States, but is also responsible for the 1998 US embassy outpourings as well as the 2002 bombings in Bali. The war on terror started with America liberation on the offensive against al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. With Osama bin laden becoming the most wanted malefactor in the United States, f not the entire world, other countries would join in our attempt to crack up the al-Qaeda and their usage of Afghanistan as a home base. Australia, United Kingdom, and the united afghan front became our consort in the war in Afghanistan. These nations would launch execution unchangeable liberty. While Operation stable Freedom was mainly targeting Afghanistan, it also had some(prenominal) subordinate operations. Along with Afghanistan, there were operations in the Philippines, automobile horn of Africa/Somalia, Pankisi Gorge, Trans Sahara, Caribbean and profound America, and Kyrgyzstan.The terrorist regimes were placed all everyplace the world and the nations fighting terrorism found it necessary to assist these other countries in eliminating those hostile forces in their territory. Operation Enduring Freedom Philippines is a currently restless missionary station to fight the terrorist forces of Abu Sayyaf and Jemaah Islamiyah. Abu Sayyaf is an Islamist separatist group that was residing around the southern islands of the Republic of the Philippines while Jamaah Islamiyah is a militant Islamic terrorist group that was spread out through Southeast Asia in Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, parts of Thailand, and the Philippines.This operation is unperturbed ongoing and has tallied 17 US soldier casualties with >315 enemies killed, including Abu Sayyaf leader Janjalani. Another one of the Operation Enduring Freedom missions was the Horn of Africa (Northeast Africa/Somali Peninsula). T his mission was dedicated to stopping terrorism and piracy in the Horn of Africa. The United States muzzy 29 due to non-combat fatalities, but so far have been able to kill 149-160 insurgents, 67-78 pirates, and captured around gram pirates. This mission is still ongoing since October 7th, 2002.There was also another operation held in Africa referred to as Operation Enduring Freedom Trans Sahara. A 500 million budget was approved for the Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative (TSCTI) that would be spent over a six-year span to support those countries that were facing threats from the al-Qaeda. These countries were primarily Chad, Algeria, Senegal, Nigeria, Morocco, Mali, and Mauritania. Along with the attempts to thwart terrorism, the TSCTI were also focusing on drug and weapon trafficking. One of the main points of this specific mission was to train these 10 nations with the ecessary skills and equipment to combat these problems on their own. The pass two Operation Enduring Freedom missions be Caribbean and Central America and Kyrgyzstan. The Caribbean and Central American mission has forces deployed in El Salvador, Suriname, Guyana, Trinidad & Tobago, Belize, Honduras, and Costa Rica. The US Air Force at Manas international Airport primarily runs the operation in Kyrgyzstan near the capitol Bishkek. Now onto the main mission in Operation Enduring Freedom, the War in Afghanistan.The main reason behind this war was to dismantle the al-Qaeda organization and stopping them from using Afghanistan as their base. The United States would also go on to state that they were attempting to take the Taliban out of power and create a nation with a more democratic government. This war began on October 7th, 2001, and is still ongoing today making it the United States longest running war. Article 51 permits a victimise state to engage in individual or collective self-defense until recourse has been taken by the earnest Council to establish peace (Maogoto, 2003) .The reason that this war was criticized so much was because people felt that bombing and attacking Afghanistan was not self-defense because the 9/11 attacks were done by non-state actors, not Afghanistans own army. Either way, President George W. Bush was given authorization by Congress to go ahead and obtain the war against Afghanistan on September 18th 2001, when a legislation called Authorization for Use of Military Forces Against Terrorists, was passed. With the War in Afghanistan being the longest war that the US has run, it is understandable that there are many losses.In our coalescency there were 3,097 killed with 2,031 of them being from the United States, over 23,500 wounded, and 1 missing/captured. Of the contractors hired, there were 1,143 killed and over 15,000 wounded. The Afghan Security Forces lost 10,086+ and the Afghan Northern Alliance lost over 200. As for the opposing forces, there was no real reliable estimate, but the Taliban forces were estimated to be arou nd 25,000 strong. One of the more shocking numbers to be brought up in losses is how many civilians were killed during the attacks.A rough estimate of civilian casualties is 12,500 14,700. While there were many causes for the civilian casualties, the majority of the losses came from the airstrikes and improvised explosives by the insurgents. The civilian deaths caused a component part of tension surrounded by the foreign countries and Afghanistan government causing President Karzai to summon his foreign military commanders to tell them his peoples patience was wearing thin (BBC, 2007). Even though there were many losses suffered by all participants and those civilians, there was a huge victory for the United States on May 2nd, 2011.This was the day that al-Qaeda leader, Osama Bin Laden, was finally shot and killed by the US forces in Pakistan (BBC, 2011). They would later confirm the death through desoxyribonucleic acid tests This could have also been another one of those youll n ever forget where you were events for many seeing how he caused so much damage with the 9/11 attacks. The next war to start after Operation Enduring Freedom began was the Iraq war. The reasons behind this war have been extremely debated and discussed since it started. The official factors were listed in the Iraq Resolution. Here are some of the reasons to invade Iraq (President George W.Bush, 2002) * Members of al-Qaeda, the ones responsible for attacks on the US, were residing in Iraq. * Iraq paid bounties to suicide bombers families. * Iraq was brutally subdue their civilian population. * Iraq was not complying with the 1991 ceasefire agreement while also interfering with U. N. weapons instructors. * Iraq was go along to aid and harbor other international terrorist organizations, that also included anti-United States terrorist organizations. * Turkey, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia wanted Saddam out of power in Iraq and feared what he may do.Those were listing solitary(prenominal) a few reasons, but another big factor in the Iraq War was that Saddam Hussein did not stop producing weapons of mass destruction in 2003 after the Duelfer treat revealed that information. In 1991, Husseins WMD capability was essentially destroyed by sanctions to restore Iraqs economy to a more stable condition. On October 21, 2011, Obama announced, After nearly 9 years, Americas war in Iraq will be over. The last army to leave Iraq were leaving by January 1st, 2012, and that the troops in Afghanistan would start to know home as well.A big problem that these wars caused for America, aside from the casualties, was how much notes was spent. A lot of people look at the War on Terror and the Iraq War as the main reasons the American economy has taken a huge dive the last decade or so. From 2001 through 2011 the Afghanistan war cost the United States about $433 one thousand thousand dollars (Bingham, 2012). The Iraq war has cost about $806 billion dollars so far, but Obama has said i t may cost over $1 trillion dollars when it is all over (Krutzleben, 2011).However, with all these wars not completely wrapped up, the final price of war could be as elevated as $4. 4 trillion dollars when all is told (costofwar. org, 2012). War affects every country involved, but specifically the veterans who participated and contributed to the war. It would only seem logical that those countries that have had veterans deployed and fight for their nation should be taking care of them as exceed they can. From the veterans who came back from the Iraq war, 20. 3% of active soldiers and 42. 4% of reserve soldiers required mental health treatment (Milliken, 2007).The arrive numbers of those diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder from the Iraq and Afghanistan war is about 30% of the 834,463 who were in those wars (Reno, 2012). These numbers were only the veterans that were set by the V. A. (Veterans Association) hospitals, so there could actually be more who have not looked fo r however treatment after returning. With some of these numbers rising as more soldiers are returning from the wars, this would mean the V. A. hospitals would need to hire more mental health professionals to deal with the influx in PTSD cases continuing to go up.The V. A. has increased their mental health investments by more than 1/3rd in the last three years. They have hired more than 4,000 mental health professionals and in April 2012 have announced they will add 1,600 more professionals, totaling their mental health staff to 22,000 (Reno, 2012). War has never been a good thing and there is never one side that is completely victorious when you consider how many people are killed on each side, civilians included. After the 9/11 attacks on the United States it would be laboured to plainly let that go unpunished, something HAD to be done.As unpopular war is in the United States, there was a lot of support from the nation as a whole. I personally found it hard for there to be some type of peaceful way to come to an agreement with a terrorist organization so I also supported the war. The cost of these wars have been devastating to our economy though and a lot of people thought we were in these places for too long trying to do too much. Overall, its really hard to judge whether these wars have been a success. Its really a matter of opinion and how a person wants to analyze the results.I can only hope that we defend our nation much better, that all the troops come back, and that they receive the care they all deserve. We are doing our veterans a great disservice if we cannot properly accommodate them for life after war. Bibliography Bilmes, L. (2006, February). The economic costs of the iraq war An appraisal threeyears after the beginning of the conflict. Retrieved fromhttp//www. nber. org/papers/w12054. pdf? new_window=1 Bingham, A. (2012, May). Afghanistan War by the Numbers Lives Lost, Billions Spent. Retrieved from http//abcnews. go. om/Politics/OTUS/billion s-dollars-thousandslives-lost-afghanistan-war/story? id=16256292. UIRxJmk4WA0 Faiz, S. (2006, March 17). A timeline of the iraq war. Retrieved fromhttp//thinkprogress. org/report/iraq-timeline/? mobile=nc Hoven, R. (2012, September 6). An iraq war every year. Retrieved fromhttp//www. americanthinker. com/blog/2012/09/an_iraq_war_every_year. html Iraq War Veterans. (2004, July). Iraq veterans against the war. Retrieved fromhttp//www. ivaw. org/ Kellner, D. (2004, December). Bring em on Media and politics in the iraq war. Retrieved fromhttp//books. google. com/books? l=enamplr=ampid=10BiGSdCyVQCampoi=fndamppg=R7ampdq=iraq warampots=DpgUR6Ohbzampsig=cb0_JxEuXqNrmyLL2WQEWCNLFY Kurtzleben, D. (2011, December). What Did the Iraq War Cost? More Than You Think. Retrieved from http//www. usnews. com/news/articles/2011/12/15/what-did-theiraq-war-cost-more-than-you-think Milliken, C. (2007, Novemeber 14). Longitudinal assessment of mental health problemamong active and reserve component soldie rs returning from the iraq war. Retrieved from http//jama. jamanetwork. com/article. aspx? articleid=209441 Montopoli, B. (2011, October 21). Obama announces end of iraq war, troops to returnhome by year end.Retrieved from http//www. cbsnews. com/8301-503544_16220123800-503544/obama-announces-end-of-iraq-war-troops-to-return-home-by-year-end/ Rainie, L. (n. d. ). The internet and the iraq war. Retrieved fromhttp//www. pewinternet. org//media/Files/Reports/2003/PIP_Iraq_War_Report. pdf. pdf Reno, J (2012, October) approximately 30% of Vets Treated by V. A. Have PTSD Retrieved fromhttp//www. thedailybeast. com/articles/2012/10/21/nearly-30-of-vets-treated-by-va-have-ptsd. html War in iraq. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http//www. iraq-war. ru/ Wilson, R. (2005). Human rights in the war on terror. Cambridge University Press.

Integrated Marketing Communication

During the last go of the twentieth century, the concept of unified selling converses (IMC) received considerable attention from practiti mavin and only(a)rs and academics alike, and that interest has keep into the new millennium (e. g. , Bearden and Madden 1996 Cornelissen and Lock 2000 Duncan, Schultz, and Patti 2005 Garretson and Burton 2005 Nowak and Phelps 1994 Schultz and Kitchen 2000a Schumann, Artis, and Rivera 2001).As the marketplace has become more fragmented all over the years, organizations have embraced IMC as a means to effectively and efficiently target and attract the splintering plurality market through the transmission of a unified mental object across all contact points betwixt organizations and their consumers. Whether the contact point is product packaging, a Web advertisement, or any other discipline sort experience that a consumer or prospect has with a discolouration (Schultz, Tannenbaum, and Lauterborn 1993, p. 1), the goal is to present a messa ge to an audience that is consistent (Duncan 1993) and/or to generate valuable customer information (Roznowski, Reece, and Daugherty 2002 Yarborough 1996). In short, economic consumption and coordination of motley promotion and chat tools is necessary to assure optimal market coverage (Stewart 1996) and to develop a well-set marketing program (Nowak and Phelps 1994).Despite its potential contributions, debate still exists regarding the significance of IMC as a reading (e. g. , Cook 2004 Cornelissen and Lock 2000 Gould 2001). Questions pertaining to the prevalence of IMC in the marketplace (Roznowski, Reece, and Daugherty 2002) and regarding its variantial applicability across product type (e. g. , Nowak, Cameron, and Delorme 1996) remain. This study was designed to help answer these questions.In recent years, the concept of IMC has made its mien into the mainstream of the marketing literature (Duncan and Caywood 1996 Nowak and Phelps 1994 Schultz 2003 Schultz and Kitchen 199 7, 2000b Zahay et al. 2004). This has occurred despite the fact that, in reality, there is no universally agreed upon definition of IMC (e. g. , Cornelissen and Lock 2000 Kliatchko 2005 Schultz and Kitchen 1997 Stewart 1996) and IMC appears to be an evolving concept (Duncan, Schultz, and Patti 2005).While a working definition of integrated marketing communication is hard to come by (Schultz, Tannenbaum, and Lauterborn 1993, p. xv), one simple characterization of the phenomenon poses IMC as the coordination of communication tools for a commemorate (Krugman et al. 1994). Central to the concept of IMC is the nonion that effective communication is accomplished by blending several(a) communication formsfor example, advertising, publicity, sales promotion, and so forthinto a single, seamless entity (Nowak, Cameron, and Delorme 1996).Furthermore, when it is well devised, IMC can generate information that can be used to identify and target different types of consumers with customized com munication (Schultz 1997) and, ultimately, help to build a strong relationship with them (Duncan 2002). In a sense, then, IMC involves a process that is circular in naturea sort of two-way communication between organizations and consumers that gathers and stores responses to communication and uses that information to effectively target consumers in early efforts (Roznowski, Reece, and Daugherty 2002 Schultz, Tannenbaum, and Lauterborn 1993).A review of the phenomenon in enforce performed by Nowak and Phelps (1994) uncovered trine broad constructions of integrated marketing communication IMC as integrated communication, IMC as one voice communication, and IMC as a matching marketing-communication campaign. While the note among the three manifestations is or sotimes hazy, each one poses a slightly different court that organizations may interest to create messages that are uniform in tone and look (Duncan 1993).The integrated communications approach involves promoting grime see and direct audience behavior simultaneously by coupling devices such as brand advertising and public relations communications with consumer sales promotions and direct response tools indoors an organizations marketing-communication materials, particularly advertisements (Peltier, Mueller, and Rosen 1992). For instance, an ad that contains a direct-response tool (e. g. , a coupon), a public relations appeal (e. g. , support of an esteemed amicable cause), and brand advertising (e. g. depiction and description of the offering) would reflect the integrated communication form of IMC.A disclose outcome of this approach is the acquisition of consumer information that is captured when consumers respond to direct-response tools, sales promotions, and the like (Nowak and Phelps 1994). The one voice approach reflects a firms focus on a single positioning strategy that emphasizes unity among brand/ image advertising, direct-response advertising, public relations, and consumer sales pro motions at the outset of a promotional campaign (Reilly 1991 Snyder 1991).In this approach, the position, message, or guinea pig is what ultimately guides an organizations IMC decisions, which ostensibly could be rendered independently by the firms advertising, public relations, and sales promotion agencies (Nowak and Phelps 1994). The third approach, coordinated marketing-communication campaigns, stresses the need to integrate the activities of different marketing-communication disciplines (e. g. , sales promotions, advertising, and public relations) in order to reach multiplex audiences with a synergistic effort (Rapp and Collins 1990 Schultz, Tannenbaum, and Lauterborn 1993).The coordinated marketing communication approach differs from the one voice manifestation of IMC in that it does not simply focus on a single brand position rather, multiple positions are the norm (Nowak and Phelps 1994), with a goal of targeting multiple audiences (Rapp and Collins 1990). A further coinci dence of the three forms of integrated marketing communication reveals that the coordinated marketing-communication campaign and one voice approaches to IMC involve an organizations communication action mechanism at a broad level of application, whereas the integrated communications manifestation encompasses a more microlevel application. more(prenominal) precisely, the first two manifestations involve integration across communication campaigns, whereas the latter one entails integration within particular communication devices, such as advertisements. For example, early indications following Super Bowl XL suggested that the ads syllabus during the event were successful not only in terms of their brand advertising, but also in terms of direct response, as evidenced by the increased traffic to the advertisers Web sites (Horovitz 2006).Of the three forms of IMC, it is the integrated communications approach that appears to be the one most often utilized in practice (Phelps, Plumley, a nd Johnson 1994) and the one that is the focus of this study. One broad goal of our research is to discern how the integrated communications form of IMC is manifested in practice. Integrated Marketing Communication Research While the phenomenon of integrated marketing communications has received general attention over the past 15 years, there have been very few empirical investigations of its relative incidence and application.The scant research findings that are available suggest that IMC is perceived to be valuable by practitioners (Duncan and Everett 1993 Roznowski, Reece, and Daugherty 2002) and that its utilization seems to be increasing. For example, one early study found that approximately two-thirds of consumer product companies employed IMC in nigh manner (Caywood, Schultz, and Wang 1991), while a later investigation reported that 75% of the organizations surveyed had put oned IMC in one way or another (Phelps, Plumley, and Johnson 1994).A more recent investigation reve aled that 95 % of Fortune cholecalciferol executives responding to an inquiry indicated that their company used IMC to some degree and that nearly the same percentage was at least(prenominal) somewhat satisfied with its results (Roznowski, Reece, and Daugherty 2002). It bears noting that most of these findings are based on respondents perceptions and may not reflect IMC as actually practiced.In general, most of the examination of IMC has focused on its perceived value and beliefs regarding its potential among packaged or durable-goods marketers. By comparison, there is little documentation of the actual existence or prevalence of IMC in these or other market contexts (Nowak, Cameron, and Delorme 1996). The scant published research on the actual practice of integrated marketing communication suggests that organizations involved in green marketing have been slow to adopt IMC principles in their advertising (Carlson et al. 1996).Meanwhile, retail and consumer divine service organiz ations appear to use media and message delivery elements associated with integrated approaches, provided lack strong coordination among these IMC components (Nowak, Cameron, and Delorme 1996). In a further examination of IMC across different line of work firms (i. e. , business-to-business, retailing, run, and consumer product), it was discovered that coordination among IMC components does indeed exist, however the selection of specific marketing communication activities differs significantly among the business types (McArthur and griffon vulture 1997).Given the contradictory results and scarce empirical research, there appears to be a need for further examination of IMC and marketers activities to plan and execute its implementation (Duncan and Everett 1993 Roznowski, Reece, and Daugherty 2002). Integrated Marketing Communication and Product Type Based on the research results discussed above, IMC appears to be a practice that is used across business contexts, but in different ways (e. g. , McArthur and wire-haired pointing griffon 1997 Nowak, Cameron, and Delorme 1996). McArthur and Griffin observe, different product-market situations demand different communication tools and techniques (1997, p. 5).Hence, it is not strike that a study of media usage within IMC programs revealed differential emphasis on some media when comparing run and retailing firms (Nowak, Cameron, and Delorme 1996) or comparing across services, retailing, business-to-business, and consumer product organizations (McArthur and Griffin 1997). There is even some indication that consumer product firms lag behind others in terms of the degree of attention they accord to IMC (McArthur and Griffin 1997). In addition, and as suggested by Duncan (2005), IMC may be particularly relevant within the services sector. taken as a whole, these findings suggest that the nature of the product that an organization offers may affect the emphasis it places on IMC and its utilization of different commun ication materials. Further supporting the notion that the nature of the promoted product may be related to the adoption of IMC is a body of literature that indicates that the advertising of services differs substantively from the advertising of physical goods in several ways (e. g. , George and Berry 1981 Grove, Pickett, and Laband 1995 Legg and Baker 1987 Mittal 1999 Shostack 1977 Stafford and Day 1995).For example, since services are essentially performances (Gronroos 1990 Grove and Fisk 1983) and not things that can be displayed (e. g. , insurance, health care, an airline flight), it is difficult for organizations to communicate about them and for customers to grasp what it is they are apparent to receive (Lovelock and Wirtz 2004 Shostack 1977 Zeithaml 1981). Many years ago, in her seminal paper establishing the nature of service products, Shostack (1977) stressed that marketers moldiness strive to integrate evidence of service offerings to compensate for their innate intangibil ity.She argued that such an effort should involve peremptory a broad range of potential clues to foster a concrete, total impression of the service. Essentially, that effort entails coordinate various communicative devices associated with a service and its delivery, including the content of service advertising. George and Berry (1981) similarly argue for the wideness of presenting a uniform message as one of the six guidelines for advertising a service.From their viewpoint, advertising continuity, that is, continually using distinctive symbols, formats, and/or themes can reinforce a services image and differentiate it from the competition. Ostensibly, the creation of a consistent and uniform perception of the service product might also be accomplished as one outcome of effective integrated marketing communications. Yet in a comprehensive overview of the services advertising literature several years ago, Tripp (1997) identified IMC as one of several phenomena related to service ad vertisings message structure and execution that needed further study.A recent examination of advertisements across various categories of services found a high incidence of IMC portrayed within the ads (i. e. , over 60% of the ads reflected IMC), yet argued that there was room for improvement in terms of the degree of integration that was present (Grove, Carlson, and Dorsch 2002). However, a comparison of advertisements for goods versus services with respect to incidence and character of IMC has yet to be performed, despite the potential applicability of IMC in the area of services promotion (Duncan 2005).