Safety and Risk Management Of Granville Rail †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Safety and Risk Management Of Granville Rail. Answer: Introduction The incident is related to Granville rail disaster that occurred in 1977, which is at the western suburb of Sydney Australia, when there was a crowded commuter train which derailed mainly running into the support of the bridge on the road. The train collapsed and the people died, as a result of this. The crowded carrier with the hauling by New South Wales include how the support of the overhead is constructed of the steel and concrete. There is a derailed engine with the passage that includes the bridging where the first carriage broke free from the other carriage. (Baysari et al., 2008). There has been constant travelling of the passengers and half of them were dead. The rescuers also faced the difficulty in handling the bridge weight as it was crushing that affected the carriage with the reduced spacing to work for the survivors to get out. The other damage came from the gas cylinders. The leakage of the gas was under the use of the powered rescue tools. The NSW Fire Brigade also p rovided with the ventilation to dispel the gas and then the constant film of water. Incident for the train crashes in Australia as a result of safety breaches There have been issues related to the safety breach which include the dedicated improvement of the rail safety and then campaigning for the establishment with the independent forms of the railway safety ombudsman.(Reason, 2016). There are different factors which led to the breach of the security policy: The driver who was on duty at that time is the primary cause with the worn wheel on the worn rail. The locomotives could simply climb out, where speed was not a significant factor. The attempt to cover and handle the tracking of the maintenance group is mainly to measure the tracking of the gauge in points. The high death toll leads to the concrete deck of the Bold street bridge that tends to collapse on the train. One of the inadequacies of the bridge designing was made public as well after the smash. The Wran government has been elected for handling themismanagement and then underspending any of the corrupt Askin Lewis. The appointments have been a total cut cost, where there are no major differences to the losses and the speed of maintenance is considered to be the primary concern of the Granville smash. The net result of the cuts to the rail led to some of the unending road deaths which was caused by the trucks. (Salmon et al., 2012).The external costs in the soaring road are found to be spending and paying for the truck smashes which are ignored. There are different lists of the report which relate to the maintenance problems and how the network needs to maintain the reliability with the cleanliness and safety. The inadequacy of the tracking of the inspection and the maintenance is also about being systematic. Detail any changes to policy or practice that resulted from the incident and how this was implemented. With this, there was a complete rebuilt of the structure with the single span that is without any of the intermediate supporting pier. With this, the bridges were also constructed similar to the destroyed bridge that has the reinforcement. The major focus of the incident is the cause of the crash that was mainly due to the unsatisfactory conditions, which leads to the poor fastening of the track. It also led to the cause of the track to spread and then allow the left front wheel of the locomotive to come off the rail. (Baysari et al., 2009).The related higher turnover is combined with the lack of the standardised procedures for properly tracking the inspections. Hence, for this, the check is also on the limits of how the inspection and the maintenance has been occurring. There are other factors which include the structure of the bridge which has been built. With this, there is another function where the concrete is set with the other factors. This includes the structure of the bridge and when it is set at the lower parameter than the road. There are other additional weights which are added to the destruction of the wooden train carriage, where the disaster is mainly due to the substantial increase in the maintenance of the rail expenditure. The train driver is expected to set the proper establishment with the commemorate of the victims and the campaigning of proper improvement of the safety of the rail. For handling the issues, it has been seen that there are establishment of the safety improvement campaigns. The focus of the Trust has been for the handling of the tracks with the number of the passengers who were killed. (Salmon et al., 2012). With this, the trust is also about making the submissions on the safety issues which include the fines related to the safety breach which include the establishment of the better documentary to explain how to handle the situations. For the safety breach, there have been no major significance of the risks related to the derailment with the excursion that relates to the posted limits. The engineering practices for the long-term reasons are related to limit all the heavy trains to lower their speed limits. To properly maintain the standards, there are some of the obsolescent patterns which are then compared with the use of the equipment and working on the facilities like the lighting, riding quality and handling the suppression of noise. The heati ng and the cooling systems with the political agitation is set at the time of upgradation which is mainly about comfort than safety. The carriages are on the wood of the steel underframes with the practical matters where the vehicle travelling is set at the speed to hit the stanchions with the solid concrete structure. Some of the recommended changes for handling the issues in the later part are to track all the unfit tracks with the suggestion of the substantial tolerances where there is a need to build in or else there is a possibility of placing the restrictions. (Dorrain et al., 2011). No political issues were the lack of the maintenance or the upgrades. This was mainly due to the cowardly act where there were senior bureaucrats who were bullying the politicians and then other unsophisticated electorates. The links are related to work on the delayed effects with the parts that handle the relevant about the commuting of the long distances. Conclusion The failure of the urban planning with the cowardly senior bureaucrats, rested on the vested interests. If the speed boards are used for the calculation of the level crossing warning times, then the signals overlaps. With this, there is a possibility that a grief is there with the driver speed. The arrival is at the level with a lower boom and the overrunning of the overlaps. Here, the driver will not be requiring the speed restrictions with the imposed, curves or the turnouts which are related to the care driving over the different limits. The factors where the government is also able to handle the responsive pressures is mainly based on involving all the specific moves which are mainly to make sure of the journey patterns. The commuters travel and work on the safe operations, with the concern related to avoid any delays. References Baysari, M. T., Caponecchia, C., McIntosh, A. S., Wilson, J. R. (2009). Classification of errors contributing to rail incidents and accidents: A comparison of two human error identification techniques.Safety Science,47(7), 948-957. Baysari, M. T., McIntosh, A. S., Wilson, J. R. (2008). Understanding the human factors contribution to railway accidents and incidents in Australia.Accident Analysis Prevention,40(5), 1750-1757. Dorrian, J., Baulk, S. D., Dawson, D. (2011). Work hours, workload, sleep and fatigue in Australian Rail Industry employees.Applied ergonomics,42(2), 202-209. Reason, J. (2016). management the risks of organizational accidents. Routledge. Salmon, P. M., Cornelissen, M., Trotter, M. J. (2012). Systems-based accident analysis methods: A comparison of Accimap, HFACS, and STAMP.Safety science,50(4), 1158-1170.

BDO and Governance Options and Issues †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the BDO and Governance Options and Issues. Answer: The organisational structure of a company describes the flow and direction of activities in order to accomplish aims of the organization as well as assures the growth of the company BDO is an international system that provides accounting services, tax and business consultative services to the firms functioning professional services under the supervision of BDO. BDO is abbreviated as Binder Dicker Otter having its member firms in more than 162 countries and it has headquarter in Zaventem, Belgium. BDO Global is one of the top five organisations providing professional accounting services with more than 1500 offices all over the world. BDO along with its partners employ nearly 75000 employees across the globe and has announced global revenue of nearly $8.1 billion in the year 2017. This essay focuses on the organisational structure of the firm, internal and external environmental factors, existing risk factors, the steps that should be taken to enhance the business and key functions ass isting the achievement of strategy(Kingdom, 2015). The BDO Global is administrated by the Council, the Global Board and the Executive of BDO International Limited. Council involves one representative from each voting member, and signifies the members of BDO International in annual general meeting. The Council is responsible for approving BDO and its networks budget and conducting changes in the Regulations and Articles of Association of BDO International Limited. BDO consists a range of global committees who are responsible for reporting directly to the CEO and particular member of the Leadership Team. International committees of BDO are named as Executive, Board Audit, Compensation, Corporate Governance, Nominations, Risk management, Trust, IT Steering and Related Party Transactions Committee. The number of members in these committee can be decreased and increased by the board as per requirement. Along with this, to simplify the coordination and communication of tasks, BDO is also separated in three regions named as EMEA (Europe, Mi ddle East and Africa), Americas (Latin America, Caribbean and North America) and Asia Pacific. These are facilitated by individual regional board which meets with the Global Board once in a year(Global, 2018). Being a financial organization, BDO trusts that right of participation and ethical behaviour motivates the strength and assurance of the investors and partners. Since industry of accounting and financial services provider is categorized by regular changes in environment because of rules, regulations and laws, BDO also have various external and internal factors that effects its working. The major external factors are pricing structure prevailing in the market, presence of internet facilities, community involvement, quick changes in information technology, changes in governing compliance, disaster management, and economic recession. For the purpose of community involvement, management should focus on branding its services in context with customers view(Maverick, 2018). It will help in increasing customer base and also increase in profitability of the firm. Along with this unusual expectations of customers with limited resources in one of the important business affecting aspect because management has to fulfil the demands of customer without any excuses. This consumes a lot of time and other important tasks get delay in this process(Burbidge, 2016). Similarly internal forces that impact the business of BDO, are management of safety security, effectiveness of internal control system, internal relations of employees as well as management and working atmosphere within the boundaries that affect the working capability of the employees. Successful management of confidential information of the customers is one of the major inter factor and responsibility of the firm. In order to successful application of strategies, both internal as well as external sources should be well managed and linked to each other. For this purpose different strategies are required to be formulated in accordance with the impact environmental factors. Therefore, the mission and objectives, value system, financial factors and internal relationship get impacted as a result of external and internal environmental forces(Organisation, 2018). BDO facilitates organisations to achieve consistent performance and reliable improvement in their operations by assisting optimisation of business procedure and services development. In order to increase productivity and reducing cost, management of BDO has to face a number of risks prevailing at present. One of the main of those factors are breaches or theft of private and technology security, which may result into loss of financial data of its member organisations (SimpliLearn, 2018). Fluctuation of stock and revenue, diversification of products, war, natural disasters and terrorist attacks are some factors which may lead to failure execution of corporate strategy. While the U.S. government is observing a controlling renovation, a bunch of compound regulations and procedures can surely create a concern for the organisation. Beside this, increasing competition is the biggest risk associated factor which includes market sharing and struggle for contracts as well as to retaining and f ascinating the talent(Sand, 2016). Management of BDO can take various actions in order to enhance the performance of the organisation. The first step should be taken by the management is improving the class of accounting services and the positioning of accounting properties. For this purpose, more resources should be allocated to management and the functions that are not beneficial, should be eliminated. For efficient working performance of the employees, training programme should be organised for accounting staff and budget managers to keep them updated about all new changes. It will result in improve in performance as well as elimination of conceptual errors. Along with this, training programmes should also be planned that will help in expand user knowledge about available accounting services. Board of BDO should develop a fresh portfolio indicating performance of employees on quarterly, half yearly and yearly basis. Management should revise the planning activities of accounting for excluding the codes that are not relevant in present accounting functions and should introduce new codes that are beneficial to attain objectives of the organization(Goffin Mitchell, 2016). The crucial aspect that should be followed by the BDO for becoming a successful accounting and financial service provider is facilitating high quality services with no errors. For this purpose systematic methods and procedures should be introduced for reducing time and errors. In order to increase profitability BDO should use techniques like profit mapping and reduction in cost which will automatically result in increase in revenue and management of overpaid taxes which are to be recovered this year. Such decisions related to business practices will assist in enhancing the organizational performance of BDO(Chron, 2018). The strategy of BDO is not only profit oriented but also service oriented because it is an accounting and assurance service providing organisation. It cannot focus only on sales since this will distract form the area of service. For the purpose of achieving this strategy, Management of BDO should integrate its business functions with the strategy. The main functions of BDO includes preparation and planning of Tax, valuation and development of business, payroll and operational bookkeeping, audit assurance and preparation of financial accounts representing true and fair view of the member firms. Equal consideration is required to be given to all the functions for the achievement of strategy(Tobago, 2018). BDO Global has introduced some new functions and strategies to meet challenges and to capture new opportunities. They established such process that consist enhancement of profitability, understanding of interactions and value creation. Their key function is to enhance profitability, working diligently with customers and create a sense of taking care of customers. Recently BDO Global has adopted a new strategy named as Go-To-Market Strategy for achieving its objectives. It refers to the bundle of incorporated tactics which a firm will use to associate its business and customers. BDOs Go-To-Market Strategy is a way by which they offer to provide unique and valuable services to the target market(Kerzner, 2018). BDO majorly assist on the tax planning, auditing and assurance, bookkeeping, payrolls, finance and succession planning. For tax preparation and planning managers use expertise knowledge to draw up effective tax plans that can defer and reduce taxes from the business. The professionals of BDO monitors the strategies of their clients so that they can assist at the time of any changes in legislation. To assist in payroll, the team of BDO is always remains up to date on ever changing regulations. The main function of BDO also includes focusing on the business, customers and reorganised governance. For this purpose, management have expanded its market penetration along with the maintenance of flexible and lean structures(Bradley, 2016). Therefore, it can be concluded that BDO is an emerging financial service provider with its effective functioning. Although there are many internal and external environmental factors but the management of BDO has adopted some key strategies that will prove beneficial in the fulfilment of objectives. In this competitive environment, BDO provides stability and security to its clients when it moves to the business management which is helpful in gaining faith of clients. Since there are some risk associated in the environmment but with effective management techniques and elimination of unnecessary procedures, such risks can be converted into opportunities. References Bradley, G. (2016). Benefit Realisation Management: A Practical Guide to Achieving Benefits Through Change. Gower Publishing. Retrieved March 31, 2018 Burbidge, N. (2016). Risk and Opprortunity. Retrieved March 31, 2018, from Global Risk Landscape 2016: https://www.bdo.es/getattachment/7c2311ad-5b3e-44ee-8f86-b63adbb4fdfe/BDO-Global-Risk-Landscape.pdf.aspx?lang=en-GBext=.pdfdisposition=attachment Chron. (2018). Five ways to manage financial risk. Retrieved March 31, 2018, from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/five-ways-manage-financial-risk-4564.html Global, B. (2018). Council. Retrieved March 31, 2018, from https://www.bdo.global/en-gb/about/governance/council Goffin, K., Mitchell, R. (2016). Innovation Management Effective Strategy and Implementation. Palgrave. Retrieved March 31, 2018 Kerzner, H. (2018). Project Management Best Practices: Achieving Global Excellence. New York: Wiley Sons. Retrieved March 21, 2018 Kingdom, B. U. (2015, May 26). Survey: International Report 2015. Retrieved March 31, 2018, from https://www.bdo.co.uk/en-gb/insights/industries/manufacturing/international-report-2015 Maverick, J. (2018). What are the major categories of financial risk for a company? Retrieved MARCH 31, 2018, from https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/062415/what-are-major-categories-financial-risk-company.asp Organisation. (2018). Retrieved March 31, 2018, from BDO Finland: https://www.bdo.fi/en-gb/about/why-choose-bdo/organisation Sand, J. (2016, July). BDO analysis reveals risks facing big technology companies. Retrieved March 31, 2018, from BDO Global: https://www.bdo.global/en-gb/blogs/tech-media-watch-blog/july-2016/bdo-analysis-reveals-risks-facing-big-technology-c SimpliLearn. (2018). Financial Risk and Its Types. Retrieved March 31, 2018, from https://www.simplilearn.com/financial-risk-and-types-rar131-article Tobago, B. T. (2018). Outsourced Finance Function. Retrieved March 31, 2018, from BDO Trinidad and Tobago: https://www.bdo.tt/en-gb/services/business-services-outsourcing/outsourced-finance-function

Topics to Include in a Research Paper For College

Topics to Include in a Research Paper For CollegeWhen you write a research paper for college, it is important to have good topics for a research paper for college. Too many students tend to take the easy way out by just throwing a bunch of information together without much thought or creativity. This can be done quite easily by learning what topics to include and what topics to leave out.Learning what topics to include and what topics to leave out can be learned through experience. The best way to learn about topics to include in a research paper for college is to read as many different research papers as possible and try to find out what topics are being used by the author in order to gain information. Often, you will find that topics to include in a research paper for college are those topics that will give the information that the author is trying to get at the end of the paper.When it comes to topics to include in a research paper for college, there is one common theme that will usually be found. This theme is usually one that will discuss a specific topic or a small part of a topic. When this theme is used in a research paper for college, it can be very helpful in helping the student to write the most effective paper.One common topic to use in a research paper for college is the history of the world. While some people do not believe that the history of the world is important, others believe that the history of the world is of utmost importance. By studying the history of the world, the student can gain valuable information. It can also help in learning about a specific subject that is taught in a class.Another good topic to use in a research paper for college is an area that is close to the student's heart. The area could be a family member or an interest of the student. Many students will be able to relate well to the subject and therefore can benefit from it. For example, a student may feel good about discussing their family or how they feel about someth ing after reading a biography or some other historical document.One final good topic to use in a research paper for college is a topic that would probably interest the student. In this case, it would be beneficial to try to research the topic or at least get the information that is needed before writing the paper. This will help the student to know what topics to include in the paper before writing it.When writing a research paper for college, it is always best to leave some topics out, but when it comes to topics to leave out, this can sometimes be difficult. In order to help write the paper, it is best to start with topics that the student can relate to. Also, learning what topics to leave out will help to set up the information that the student will be writing. This will help the student to make sure that they leave out important topics that they may not want to include.As long as you use these tips when writing a research paper for college, you should be able to write a highly e ffective paper that will be able to be read by the class. It is also important to remember that in order to write a great paper, you should always be willing to make changes so that the paper will be able to improve over time.

Understanding Obedience to Authority Essay Topics

Understanding Obedience to Authority Essay TopicsA well written obedience to authority essay topic should not only be a solution to teach children, but also to build up the reader's respect for authority. The reader is then made to value what you are teaching, and will use the concept of obedience to be a positive person with authority.When you write a solution to teach children how to handle an authority figure, it is your responsibility to ensure that you give examples of when your ideas are applicable. This means that you have to teach children how to handle authority in different scenarios. The idea is to get them to think about how they would handle situations that you cannot easily explain to them.Make sure that your ideas and actions do not contradict one another. Also, make sure that you present a scenario where the child handles the situation differently than the way you would want them to. You should come up with different solutions to the same problem, in order to increase the odds of them being willing to follow your rules.Obedience to authority should be taught at a young age to prevent children from acting out during lessons. Children can become very frustrated and therefore lash out to make them feel better. Make sure that the child knows why they are punished, and allow them to control their anger through obedience to authority.It is important to keep in mind that children will not accept punishments if the teacher is mean to them during homework assignments or lessons. If they are unable to follow your rules, this will often lead to arguments between the children and teacher. If you are serious about teaching obedience to authority, then this may result in a lot of resentment on the part of the children towards you.This is why it is important to educate yourself about this subject, so that you can write a solution to teach children how to deal with different situations that will cause them to react differently. Remember that every situation tha t you come across has a solution, even if it does not seem to be one. You just have to be aware of what the children can and cannot understand.Obedience to authority can be taught to children, even if you have no idea about how they would react. The key is to keep it simple and to start off by giving them an example. In this way, they will know what to expect, and this will reduce the chances of the child doing something to hurt you.The key is to start a project that you can finish within a short time frame, and this includes writing essay topics on obedience to authority. If you are trying to teach children to behave properly, then it is vital that you consider the following essay topics:

An Overview and History of the Compass

An Overview and History of the Compass The compass is an instrument used for navigation; it generally has a magnetic needle that points toward the earths magnetic North Pole. The magnetic compass has been in existence for nearly a thousand years and is the most common type of compass. The gyroscopic compass is far less common than a magnetic compass. The Magnetic Compass In order to adjust a magnetic compass to due or true north and toward the geographic North Pole, one must know the amount of magnetic declination or variation that exists in a specific region. There are online maps and calculators available that provide the difference in declination between true north and magnetic north for every point on the globe. By adjusting ones magnetic compass based on the local magnetic declination, it is possible to ensure that ones directions are accurate. The Gyroscopic Compass The History of the Compass Compasses were originally developed when lodestones, a mineral that has naturally magnetized iron ore, were suspended above a board with the ability to pivot and turn. It was discovered that the stones would always point in the same direction, and align themselves with the north/south axis of the earth. The Compass Rose The 32 points were originally drawn to indicate winds and were used by sailors in navigation. The 32 points represented the eight major winds, the eight half-winds, and the 16 quarter-winds. All 32 points, their degrees, and their names can be found online. On early compass roses, the eight major winds can be seen with a letter initial above the line marking its name, as we do with N (north), E (east), S (south), and W (west) today. Later compass roses, around the time of Portuguese exploration and Christopher Columbus, show a fleur-de-lys replacing the initial letter T (for tramontana, the name of the north wind) that marked north, and a cross replacing the initial letter L (for levante) that marked east, showing the direction of the Holy Land. We still commonly see the fleur-de-lys and cross symbols on compass roses today, if not just the simple letter initials for the cardinal directions. Every cartographer designs a compass rose a little differently, using different colors, graphics, and even symbols. Multiple colors are often used simply as a means of easily distinguishing the many points and lines on a compass rose. 360 Degrees Uses of the Compass Most people use a compass casually, for instance with hiking or camping. In those situations, basic compasses like the thumb compass or other orienteering compasses that are clear and can be read over a map are suitable. Many casual uses where travel is over a short distance require basic markings for cardinal directions and a basic level of understanding compasses. For more advanced navigation, where large distances are covered and a slight variation of degrees would offset your course, a deeper understanding of compass reading is required. Understanding declination, the angle between true north and magnetic north, the 360 degree markings on the compass face, and your course-of-direction arrow combined with individual compass instructions requires more advanced study. For simple, easy-to-understand, beginners instructions on how to read a compass, visit compassdude.com.

Writing in the Social Sciences: English 102.3rded. Pearson. Pearson University.

Writing in the Social Sciences: English 102.3rded. Pearson. Pearson University.Writing in the social sciences: English 102.3nded. Pearson. Pearson University. 800.533.2674. You will need this course to teach yourself some English grammar and literature.The final grade is determined by the number of independent study units you complete in your course. This is a difficult section. You should find out from your instructor before you begin the assignment. In addition, the homework assignment should give you a very good idea of what your goal is. Here are some examples of the types of assignments you might encounter in the Social Sciences.Writing in the Social Sciences: English 102.3rded. Pearson. Pearson University. 800.533.2674. You will need this course to teach yourself some English grammar and literature.Writing in the Social Sciences: English 102.3rded. Pearson. Pearson University. The American Council on Education approved this course for you to teach yourself English as a Second L anguage. Each unit is approximately four hours long.Writing in the Social Sciences: English 102.3rded. Pearson. Pearson University. The American Council on Education approved this course for you to teach yourself English as a Second Language.Writing in the Social Sciences: English 102.3rded. Pearson. Pearson University. The American Council on Education approved this course for you to teach yourself English as a Second Language.It is difficult to write about one subject in two languages. In addition, the topics of your students can vary greatly, and the passages in which you write need to be as close to flawless as possible. Writing in the Social Sciences: English 102.3rded. Pearson. Pearson University. The American Council on Education approved this course for you to teach yourself English as a Second Language.

Down Syndrome Represented in the Society Essays

Down Syndrome Represented in the Society Essays Down Syndrome Represented in the Society Paper Down Syndrome Represented in the Society Paper Down syndrome is caused by the presence of extra genetic material from the 21st chromosome. Approximately, majority of the individuals with Down syndrome have an extra 21st chromosome and are identified as having â€Å"trisomy 21† subtype. Individuals with Down syndrome often suffer from moderate to severe mental retardation, show expressive language delays with relative strengths in pragmatical versus grammatical language abilities, and exhibit relative strengths in visual over auditory/ verbal memory. Down syndrome is associated with a greater risk of developing a range of serious health problems, such as hearing deficits, heart defects, leukemia, hypothyroidism, and gastrointestinal disorders. In reality, in the 1990s, the developmental outcome of children with Down syndrome has greatly improved because of early learning programs, physician and parent updated education about the syndrome, and appropriate medical management. According to factual evidences, intelligence and personality in a child with Down syndrome are affected by dedicated parents just as they are in non-Down syndrome children. Down syndrome patients are most of the time implied as defectives of the society to the point that they are even hindered from the basic human rights, such as detainment, physical abuse, and other sorts of violence. As their numbers continue to grow in the society, various conceptual frameworks, and theoretical perspectives have sprouted in aid to promote acceptance of these individuals. However, representations of these Down syndrome patients still vary as influenced by social and cultural factors. Scope and Limitations The study aims to illustrate the occurring trend of societal representations of the conditions of Down syndrome. The perspective of society over these individuals as well as the prevalent view, either discriminative of receptive, shall be covered in the course discussion. The study shall employ statistic counts of Down syndrome specifically in the United States, which is the primary scope of setting. In addition, the study aims to utilize the conceptual frameworks applied in the course discussion of the said condition. Applying models shall be the prime method of depiction on how society views these individuals. Various standard norms and prevailing cultural etiologies shall be utilized as well in order to validate the claimed results of the research. The following shall be the objectives utilized in the overall research course. These shall serve as the prime guidelines for the conduction of the whole research plan. a. To be able to provide social representations of Down syndrome patients prevailing in the society through the use of theoretical models. b. To be able to compare and contrast the view of the society against this condition through the use of governing norms and perspectives in the society. Purpose of the Study Significantly, the study provides awareness expansion in terms of the society’s perception over Down syndrome patients. By knowing the established perception of the current prevailing norms of the society against this condition, it facilitates ease in developing health promotive, and organizational programs in aid of this condition. In addition, awareness of such subject induces an initiative to help improve the quality of life for these individuals. Discussion Down syndrome is the most prevalent chromosome-related disorders, which is often suspected after birth due to the physical appearance of the baby. As noted in the latter statement, the presence of an extra chromosome 21 in either the sperm or the egg cell causes the condition of Down syndrome. Chromosome 21 us the smallest of the human chromosomes and contains about 255 genes. The majority of children with Down syndrome, which is around 95%, possess trisomy 21- an extra chromosome in all their cells. Other individuals, which are around 3-4%, possess translocated form of the extra chromosome wherein the extra chromosome 21 is attached to one of a different chromosome pair, and last among the types is 1-2% mosaic, which pertains to varying count of trisomic cells while others a re normal in structure and characteristics. However, the type of chromosome pattern does not significantly alter the pattern of learning difficulties that usually accompany Down syndrome (Buckley, 2000 p. 9). Children with Down syndrome are born at the same rate to parents of all social and education levels, in all ethnic groups and to parents of all ages. Although the risk of having a child with Down syndrome increases with maternal age, a baby with Down syndrome can be born to a mother of any age (Buckley, 2000 p. 9). However, Down syndrome patients are not entirely bound to live in an abnormal environment in accordant to their condition. In fact, various organization and sectors in society encourage the normal living of these individuals. All children with Down syndrome should stay with the family, and most can be mainstreamed into kindergarten (Cicchetti and Beeghly, 1999 p. 302). It is essential to use measures for Down syndrome to monitor growth and development. In the advent of their maturation and growth, most of these individuals with Down syndrome are able to leave home, work, and form relationships. In fact, some are even noted to have the capacity to handle their own family (Taylor and David, 2005 p. 41) Scientific and medical research on Down syndrome is gaining momentum. Research is continuing on identifying the genes in chromosome 21 that cause the characteristics of Down syndrome. According to the National Down Syndrome Society, it will be possible eventually to improve, correct, and prevent many of the problems associated with Down syndrome. There is hope that in the future, the ongoing research on Down syndrome will lead to development of an intervention and cure (Nielsen, 2002 p. 61). Down Syndrome Statistics Down syndrome was the first intellectual disability described and is the most common genetic form of intellectual disability. Due to its frequency, the general-public is most aware of Down syndrome, and for many, it is the prototypical form of intellectual disability. Approximately 7000 infants are born in the United States each year with Down syndrome. In fact, Down syndrome accounts for approximately one-third of children in special education (Harris, 2005 p. 194). The condition is not attributable to any behavioral activity of the parents or environmental etiologies, although some research on environment counters such statement. The probability that another child with Down syndrome will be born in a subsequent pregnancy is approximately 1%, regardless of maternal age. However, a number of risk factors have been investigated, including geographic location, race, ethnicity, season of birth and environmental hazards; however, none of these have been found relevant to affect the occurrence of the said condition (Harris, 2005 p. 194). The incidence of trisomy 21 correlates strongly with increasing maternal age children of older mothers has much greater risk of having Down syndrome. Up to mid-30s, women have a constant risk of giving birth to a trisomic child of about one per 1000 live births. Incidence then increases sharply to 1 in 30 at age 45 years (Jobling, 2006). The estimated incidence of Down syndrome is between 1 in 800-1,200 live births. The risk of a mother having a second child with Down syndrome is 1% regardless of maternal age, unless the syndrome is associated with translocation of chromosome 21 (Rubin and Strayer, 2007 p. 190). Medical Model- Genetic Testing and Perspectives In general, Down syndrome samples and normal or other mentally retarded groups of similar mental or chronological age have been compared at a single point in time. Medical practitioner perceives the condition more of a genetic disorder than a pathological disease. Guided by the principle of naturalism and existence, the health care practitioners further view the person with Down syndrome in a biological means rather than the sociological and physical morphology in order to deliver the rightful care (Rogers and Coleman, 2002 p. 8). To some point of logic, these practitioners possess the capacity to analyze and predetermine the conditions of these individuals. Most often than not, medical field comprehends the totality of the Down syndrome’s behavior, attitude and perception towards their environment. However, the burden takes in since, the actual condition still possess no cure, but only therapeutic procedurals and pharmacologic therapy for symptoms. In addition, genetic preview is the prime intervention that they can do in order to prevent further progression of the condition, or the conception itself. Genetic tests involve laboratory analyses of chromosomes, genes, or gene products (enzymes of proteins) to detect a gene alteration that can be the etiological agent or is likely to induce a specific genetic disorder or condition. Genetic testing can be DNA- or RNA-based, chromosomal, or biochemical in nature and procedurals, which possess various advantage and disadvantages. Genetic tests are currently used to predict risk of disease, to screen newborns for genetic conditions, to screen pregnant women for risk of genetic conditions, fore prenatal or clinical diagnoses or prognoses, and to direct clinical care. The procedures of chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis are the primary genetic testing involved in the detection of Down syndrome (Jenkins and Lea, 2004 p. 75). Parental and Public Model: Perspective of Parents and Community One of the impending fears of the parents, especially the conceiving mothers, is to have their child born with abnormalities and conditions, especially those genetic in nature that usually possess no direct treatment. The anxiety that occurs to the parents is usually the conceptual urge that they might not be able to acquire a normal family with an abnormal condition of their child, such as those with Down syndrome (Harris, 2005 p. 194). The condition is permanent and, most likely, gradually modifiable accompanied by costly therapies and treatments. Such condition is very much frustrating and disappointing especially for the parents. Most often than not, families with Down syndrome patients view their child as an inactive, unproductive, and to the point of insignificance. In fact, they nurse and nurture the child until they serve their burden character in the family, which triggers further depression, anxiety and frustration among these parents. In addition, the fear of having another child or future conceptions may be affected if a Down syndromic child has been born in their lineage. The family expansion tends to be withdrawn and halted, or to the point of family breakdown (Place, 2007). However, such perception is not considered to be the overall established mechanism of Down syndrome child management in the family. Other informed and educated families, despite of their child’s condition, even enhances their child’s development, nurture the fad in which they are in, enhances social interaction, and further development (Harris, 2005 p. 194; Place, 2007). Although, some point of these procedures require costly services especially for special child care and affiliations to such institutions. Model Applications: Societal Perception towards the Condition Behaviorism, humanism, and sociological labeling are some of the theoretical concepts that govern the attitude of community over these individuals. As the condition of Down syndrome progresses, the impact of various historical evolutions on the disease progression has greatly influenced the society’s perception over these individuals. In the past, the occurrence of these conditions had been attributed to Mongolian–like appearance; hence, connoted as mongoloids (Rogers and Coleman, 2002 p. 8). However, this notion did not remain in the society, and soon after, it was also discarded. Behaviorism Theoretical Model Behaviorism is the theoretical concept that mainly focuses on behavioral patterns, motives, and actions of individuals towards other subjects. The concept played a major explanation for the occurrence of such community perception towards Down syndrome patients. The focus is on specific behavior, and the orientation is very much on the here and now. The basic principle underlying behaviorism is that all behavior is learned (Vito etal, 2007 p. 115). The fundamental behaviors are learned by operant conditioning and by imitation of other’s behavior. The condition of the learned behavior is strengthened by reward and avoidance of punishment or weakened by lack of reward and aversive stimuli. Whether a given behavior pattern persists depends on the differential reinforcement – the rewards and punishments attached to that behavior and the rewards and punishments attached to alternative behavior. In the past, children with the condition have experienced tremendous discrimination from their community. They have experienced social isolation due to the conditions of insurgence in behavior similarities. Community inscribed the conditions of these individuals as abnormals in the society; hence, validated by behavioral negativism, the abnormality viewed by the community has caused them to be discriminated (Harris, 2005 p. 194). However, such discrimination has been validated by the research conducted by Kliewer (1998) wherein literary discriminative behavior was proven if rightful or appropriate response towards such individuals. The methodology includes 10 students with Down syndrome that were examined for two annual periods. During the course of 2 school years, the research conducted tape-records of 45 observations and 12 interviews that resulted in 1,300 pages of field notes. The research reveled that the actual progression of condition does not affect the literary capacity of the individuals. In fact, the students have evidently manifested communicative directives over literary needs. Although, the researched behavior of these individuals have been validated to possess lesser response towards isolation (Kliewer, 1998). The unproductiveness and inactive character of Down syndrome patients have established the behavioral discriminative approach of the community towards these individuals. By the principle of operant conditioning, the community has instilled to their minds that such individuals are burdens of their families and of the society; hence, they are discriminated and not provided with equal rights. Humanism Theoretical Model Meanwhile, as the conceptual framework of humanism converges with the view of humanitarian help over such in-need individuals. The concept that prevails in Humanism is the value of human life itself, regardless of the person’s outward or inward status in terms of disease, financial nature, etc. As for this theoretical model, it depicts the equal rights of individuals to be imposed since, human beings are supposed to be valued above all else. The essential core of social environment should disregard the impairments of such individuals, and perceived them with equal view (Buckley, 2000 p. 9). The research of Appl (1998) has tried to validate possible benefits of Down syndrome in the enhancement of their societal relationships through adult-child interactions. The participants of the research include 26 families that possess at least one or more children with Down syndrome have been analyzed in a 10 years observation. The research has established inclusive criteria that require a family of complete members, particularly the parents, child’s age ranging from 7 to 15 years old, and validated assessment of capacity to properly deliver care for the individuals with Down syndrome. Meanwhile, the research also monitors the condition of 26 individuals with Down syndrome present in the orphanages with same age criterion to test any possible differences during span of growth. The methodology involves quarterly assessment of both mental, physical, and emotional stabilities of the subjects involved. Results revealed insignificant variations over the first 3 years; however, as the time pass by, behavioral changes and cognitive comprehension had increased on those individuals living in families. Such claim was validated through the use of paper and pencil exam that depicts simple picture identification tests, which revealed higher results ranging from an average score of 15 pts. out 20 pts. to perfect score. The score rating of family groups ranges from 14 pts. to 20 pts. with majority’s score of 17 pts. , while family groups of Down syndrome in orphanages revealed 9-13 pts. with 11pts. as the most predominant (Appl, 1998). Social Construction Theoretical Model Social model views disability as the result of a dynamic process involving complex interactions among biologic, behavioral, psychologic, social and environmental factors. The social model enables people with disabilities to look at themselves in a more positive way, which increases their self-esteem and independence. In addition, the model also advocates looking beyond a person’s impairment and functional limitation to all and equal participant in society (Brown et al. , 2006 p. 462). The model has been tested by the experiment of Gloria (2001) in the school setting in terms of Down syndrome children’s capacity to perform well in normal education firms. As opposed to the sociological labels implicated by the society over these individuals in terms of literary competence, and cognitive capacities most evidently in the past was validated by research of Gloria (2001). The procedure was supported by National Down Syndrome Society through the provision of list of affiliates all over United States as well as Puerto Rico. A total of 250 questionnaires were sent to those parents with and without child/children with Down syndrome that participated in the research. The design of the questionnaire contained four levels of questioning: 1) background experience of the teacher, including amount of teaching experience, knowledge of special education, and knowledge/attitude toward inclusion; 2) teacher preparation for inclusion by the district and/or parent, and the transition process of the student; 3) classroom information on curriculum used, class arrangement for instruction, and maintenance of therapies and support services; and 4) classroom management issues, including instructional and behavioral management strategies. The objective was to determine the methods that general educators felt effective or otherwise with the inclusion of children with Down syndrome in their general education classes. In addition, the survey aims to evaluate the education standards provided by the academic groups among Down syndrome patients, and consequent response (Gloria, 2001). The results of the surveys revealed that Down syndrome patients still posses the capacity to enter general educational firm (Gloria, 2001); hence, validating their capacity to outlive the discriminations implicated to them by the society. Such individuals still possess the capacity to enter and conform to human societal standards provided with proper, extensive and appropriate guidelines of modifications (Jobling, 2006). As with the research conducted, Down syndrome individuals may still possess the capacity to outlive their condition and live their life normally. The advantage of such model is the provision of probable humanitarian approach of equity towards these individuals. However, with the dynamic progression and varying capacity of Down syndrome individuals may compromise the claims of norm capacity, which is the prime disadvantage of the theoretical application. Further validation and research that conjure positive and similar results may prove the claims and validate the implicated statement. Summary and Conclusions As for the research arguments proposed in the study, the discriminative outlook of the society over these individuals is evidently negated. Down syndrome patients may possess actual evidence of defect yet the capacity to outlive and improve is still present among these individuals provided that proper guidance, upbringing, environment, and appropriate personnel are present in their social circle. As the behaviorist implies, the differentiation of the trisomic features and behavior have left these individuals discriminated, has been proven irrational in this research. The social label that such individuals are poor in cognition and developmental capacities has been negated by the humanistic approach of validation, which proves that enhancement and development among these individuals are still possible. References Appl, D. J. (1998, September 2). Children with Down Syndrome: implications for adult-child interactions in inclusive settings.. Journal of Research in Childhood Education , 64, 443-451. Reviews research on children with Down Syndrome, highlighting physical, medical, intellectual, language, and behavioral characteristics that provide valuable information for caregivers and teachers in planning and intervention. Reviews research on parent-child interactions, providing guidelines for caregivers and teachers working in inclusive settings. Suggests that interactions and environments must be adjusted to support the uniqueness of each child. Brown etal, S. P. (2006). Exercise Physiology: Basis of Human Movement in Health and Disease. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Designed as the principal text for undergraduate courses in exercise physiology and science, this unique and informative text combines general undergraduate material with vital clinical information not found in competing resources. Key content includes detailed coverage of muscle physiology as well as evidence-based clinical information that helps students link theory to practice. Questions and answers help students review core material and reinforce concepts essential to effective practice. Abundant tables, graphs, and full-color illustrations support the text. Buckley, S. (2000). Living with Down Syndrome. The Down Syndrome Educational Trust. Offers a person-focused introduction to Down syndrome. This book explains the effects of Down syndrome on development, stressing that while individuals with Down syndrome do have special needs, they are people first, with the same rights and human needs as everyone else in their communities.